{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:34:22Z","timestamp":1772156062913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Arkansas at Little Rock","award":["UA Little Rock Open Access Article Publishing Support Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UA Little Rock Open Access Article Publishing Support Fund"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The neural crest domestication syndrome (NCDS) hypothesis suggests that selection pressures for tameness during animal domestication resulted in a down-regulation of neural crest cell migration and proliferation, providing a mechanistic explanation for traits commonly observed across domesticates. We test the viability of this hypothesis via a derived prediction. According to the NCDS hypothesis, neural crest-derived structures should be reduced throughout the entire organism in domesticated variants compared to their wild ancestors. Here, we test this prediction by comparing the larynges of wolves and domestic dogs. Anatomical landmarking of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages confirmed absolutely and relatively shorter vocal folds and smaller larynges in normal (mesocephalic) dogs compared to wolves. Additional quantification of laryngeal anatomy shows that mesocephalic dogs have a smaller cricoid diameter and shape-altered thyroid shields. In addition, we quantify the concrete anatomical changes to the laryngeal cartilages caused by brachycephaly, finding that a flattened thyroid shield and ventral cricoid ring fit the symptomatic descriptions of laryngeal collapse. Our comparison of the larynges of wolves and dogs are consistent with the NCDS-derived prediction and support the validity of the NCDS hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.250430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T11:53:13Z","timestamp":1752061993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The domestication of the wolf larynx\u2014testing the neural crest connection"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6708-2245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole D. S.","family":"Grunstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Natural History Museum Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-0928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W. Tecumseh","family":"Fitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-0827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Kitchener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland","place":["Edinburgh, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Gumpenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-252X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raffaela","family":"Lesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock","place":["Little Rock, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfab013"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","volume-title":"Domesticated: evolution in a man-made world","author":"Francis RC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Francis RC. 2015 Domesticated: evolution in a man-made world. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","volume-title":"Domestication: the decline of environmental appreciation","author":"Hemmer H","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hemmer H. 1990 Domestication: the decline of environmental appreciation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160107"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.165423"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyab098"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263830"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2464"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyab097"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.23251"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the larynx and related structures","volume":"54","author":"Saigusa H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saigusa H. 2011 Comparative anatomy of the larynx and related structures. Japan Med. Assoc. J. 54.","journal-title":"Japan Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525766"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Professional voice: the science and art of clinical care","author":"Henick DH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henick DH, Sataloff RT. 2017 Laryngeal embryology and vocal development. In Professional voice: the science and art of clinical care (ed. RT Sataloff), pp. 103\u2013120, 4th edn. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03506-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.19153"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119552031.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-019-09466-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","volume-title":"Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology","author":"Bookstein FL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bookstein FL. 1991 Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology, 1st edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (doi:10.1017\/CBO9780511573064)","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-810493-4.00011-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07080-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24034"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155371"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092210413"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1979.tb06680.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01531.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00056.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239223"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Canine brachycephalic airway syndrome: surgical management","volume":"33","author":"Trappler M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trappler M, Moore KW. 2011 Canine brachycephalic airway syndrome: surgical management. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet 33, E1\u2013E7.","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Brachycephalic syndrome in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Koch DA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koch DA, Arnold S, Hubler M, Montavon PM. 2003 Brachycephalic syndrome in dogs. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet 25, 48\u201355.","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","first-page":"971","article-title":"Radiographic tracheal dimensions in brachycephalic breeds before and after surgical treatment for brachycephalic airway syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Regier PJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Regier PJ, Grosso FV, Stone HK, Santen E. 2020 Radiographic tracheal dimensions in brachycephalic breeds before and after surgical treatment for brachycephalic airway syndrome. Canadian Veterinary Journal 61, 971\u2013976.","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2020.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.23105"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512501113"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen J Grunstra NDS Fitch WT Kitchener A Gumpenberger M Lesch R. 2025 The domestication of the wolf larynx: testing the neural crest connection. Dryad Digital Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.q573n5ttx)","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.250430"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.250430","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.250430","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.250430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T08:21:50Z","timestamp":1753863710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.250430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.250430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.250430","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250430\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250430\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250430\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250430\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-15","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"250430"}}