{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:25:07Z","timestamp":1785583507455,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["R. Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Addressing the need for cost-effective alternatives to activated carbon (AC) for chlortetracycline (CTC) removal, this study developed sustainable kaolin\u2013alginate composite beads (KN@Alg). The adsorption performance of KN@Alg was systematically evaluated compared with pristine KN and AC through kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. Regeneration cycles and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis were employed to assess reusability and elucidate mechanisms. Results demonstrated that incorporating of KN into the alginate matrix significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity to 68.74 mg\u2009g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , surpassing that of KN (42.76 mg\u2009g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and approaching that of AC (102.96 mg\u2009g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). KN@Alg achieved 93.7% removal efficiency in dynamic experiments, demonstrating practical applicability. Thermodynamics confirmed a spontaneous and exothermic process. Mechanistic studies revealed that CTC uptake onto KN@Alg involves multifunctional mechanisms, including n\u2013\u03c0 interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, cation exchange and calcium ion-bridging. Notably, KN@Alg exhibited superior renderability, retaining approximately 76% efficiency after four cycles, outperforming both AC and KN. Compared with the high cost of AC, KN@Alg integrates the rigid framework of KN with the functional advantages of alginate, addressing the limitations of low adsorption capacity and instability of pure components while achieving comparable removal efficacy. These findings highlight KN@Alg as a sustainable, cost-effective alternative for CTC-contaminated water treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.250439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:06:01Z","timestamp":1759878361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sustainable wastewater decontamination from chlortetracycline using kaolin\u2013alginate beads: adsorption mechanisms and practical applications"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2492-5276","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315500, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-7017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meriem","family":"Fizir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Precision Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Khemis Miliana University, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Valorisation des Substances Naturelles, Khemis Miliana University, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-4194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sami","family":"Touil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Precision Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Khemis Miliana University, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1353-4517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amina","family":"Richa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Precision Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Khemis Miliana University, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5726-0717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douba","family":"Houda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Precision Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Khemis Miliana University, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration, Hangzhou 310052, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315500, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315500, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315500, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315500, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129403"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.10.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ05980K"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139792"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125568"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116339"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104562"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.12.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.119693"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA23346E"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127749"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaenm.4c00065"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2009.0283"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00986445.2015.1065820"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139194"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126863"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.123408"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2023.107127"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b06687"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409547-2.13647-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2024.107430"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2001.7596"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2024.100245"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125938"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121500"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690200204"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13471"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15108249"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2010.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.06.074"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2019.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.127402"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2023.107102"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","article-title":"Characterization of technical kaolin using XRF, SEM, XRD, FTIR and its potentials as industrial raw materials","volume":"1116","author":"Dewi R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewi R, Agusnar H, Alfian Z. 2018 Characterization of technical kaolin using XRF, SEM, XRD, FTIR and its potentials as industrial raw materials. J. Phys. 1116, 042010. (doi:10.1088\/1742-6596\/1116\/4\/042010)","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121420"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2021.110424"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36848"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125473"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122705"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.07.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2025.100291"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127368"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-005X(01)00071-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.109180"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01078"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-02239-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152189"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-024-05619-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ02400D"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127646"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA27881G"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.116974"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2021.104167"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.218"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12030905"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_2","unstructured":"Liu W Fizir M Touil S et al. 2025. Data from: Sustainable Wastewater Decontamination of Chlortetracycline Using Kaolin-Alginates Beads: Practical Applications and Adsorption Mechanisms. Dryad Digital Repository. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.9w0vt4bs3)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_2","unstructured":"Liu W Fizir M Touil S Richa A Houda D Wu P et al. 2025 Supplementary material from: Sustainable wastewater decontamination from chlortetracycline using kaolin\u2013alginate beads: adsorption mechanisms and practical applications. FigShare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.8069741)"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.250439","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsos.250439","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsos.250439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:06:09Z","timestamp":1759878369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.250439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsos.250439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.250439","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250439\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250439\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250439\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250439\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250439\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250439\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.250439\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-16","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"250439"}}