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Soc. Open Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Palaeoloxodon<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the largest known terrestrial mammal in the history of Taiwan. However, little is known about the palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of these extinct proboscideans. In this study, we investigate the stable carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of sequential enamel samples taken along the growth direction of molars from three\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Palaeoloxodon<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimens of different ontogenetic ages from the Pleistocene of Taiwan. Our results suggest that these proboscideans relied extensively on a C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    diet, a dietary niche distinct from the Eurasian\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Palaeoloxodon antiquus<\/jats:italic>\n                    but similar to the predominantly C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -grazing species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Palaeoloxodon namadicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The specimens show depleted\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values, indicating obligate drinking and reliance on running water sources, such as monsoon-fed rivers, which exhibit more depleted\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values. Additionally, the juvenile specimen shows an isotopic shift in both\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values, aligning with the known signals of weaning in proboscideans. This could provide a novel insight into the life history and weaning age of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Palaeoloxodon<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results highlight, to our knowledge, the first evidence of a unique palaeohabitat of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Palaeoloxodon<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the Pleistocene of Taiwan, represented by C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    vegetation and the presence of a palaeo-river system that supported these giant proboscideans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.250935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:05:52Z","timestamp":1762301152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A glimpse into a vanished ecosystem: reconstructing diet and palaeoenvironment of\n                    <i>Palaeoloxodon<\/i>\n                    from the Pleistocene of Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1796-5193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deep Shubhra","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogaraj","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STARLAB, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0308-4954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontology Division, Geology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung 404023, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3617-366X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheng-Hsiu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2024.108761"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","first-page":"537","article-title":"Proboscideans: shoulder height, body mass and shape","volume":"61","author":"Larramendi A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larramendi A. 2015 Proboscideans: shoulder height, body mass and shape. 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