{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:06:43Z","timestamp":1788916003222,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013507","name":"Osk. Huttunen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Collegium Helveticum, ETH Zurich"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004756","name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Junior Research Fellowship at The Queen's College"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["160022\/F40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["160022\/F40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gut microbiota plays key roles in shaping host development, immunity and physiology. The assembly of vertebrate gut microbiota during early life follows relatively predictable trajectories across several mammalian species, largely driven by maternal transmission routes. However, birds lack these transmission mechanisms owing to their oviparity, potentially leading to different age-related microbiota patterns. Here, we investigate gut microbiota variation in Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) chicks and adults across six British populations spanning distinct marine regions using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We find that chick microbiotas show strong population-level structuring that disappears in adults, with spatial patterns particularly pronounced in anaerobic versus aerotolerant components of the microbiota. Puffin microbiotas become increasingly individualized and aerotolerant with age, while taxonomic richness remains stable\u2014patterns that contrast with the convergent, richness-increasing trajectories observed in several mammalian species. Our results suggest that environmental exposure is a key driver of early-life microbiota assembly in birds, highlighting the value of avian systems for understanding vertebrate microbiota development beyond mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.252018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:10:35Z","timestamp":1788912635000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-related changes in the gut microbiota of a long-lived seabird suggest divergence from mammalian models"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1952-8724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eveliina","family":"Hanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Helveticum, ETH Zurich 1 , Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oxford 2 , Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London 3 , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 4 , Sandy, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 5 , Wallingford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Penn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fair Isle Bird Observatory 6 , Shetland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-7840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aura","family":"Raulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oxford 2 , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Computing, University of Turku 7 , Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiants Seabird Research Group 8 ,\u00a0Shiant Isles, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 9 , Chaoyang, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6373-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette L.","family":"Fayet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research 10 , Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090820103155600_RSOS252018C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.04.037","article-title":"Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota","volume":"149","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026090820103155600_RSOS252018C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567","article-title":"Gut microbiota: role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease","volume":"279","author":"Pickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. 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Louisiana: Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College."},{"key":"2026090820103155600_RSOS252018C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","article-title":"Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora","volume":"308","author":"Eckburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090820103155600_RSOS252018C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886\u00a0252","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.886252","article-title":"The gut microbiome of 54 mammalian species","volume":"13","author":"de Jonge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090820103155600_RSOS252018C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-010-9690-x","article-title":"Ecological characterisation of the colonic microbiota in Arctic and sub-Arctic seals","volume":"60","author":"Glad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. 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