{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:06:43Z","timestamp":1788916003243,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Verena and Kenneth J. Wilson Fellowships to M.D.M.M.-U."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EC-98296R-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC-98296R-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-2041629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-2041629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is widely distributed across tropical ecosystems, yet the microhabitats that facilitate its environmental persistence remain poorly understood. We evaluated Bd detection in bromeliad tank contents and infection in amphibian communities across an elevational gradient in Ecuadorian forests. We sampled amphibians at eight sites using skin swabs, and canopy and subcanopy bromeliads at five sites using eDNA. Overall, Bd prevalence was 23.0% in amphibians and 11.3% in bromeliads. Subcanopy bromeliads showed a significantly lower probability of Bd detection than amphibians, whereas canopy bromeliads did not differ significantly from amphibians or subcanopy bromeliads. Mid-elevation sites showed a higher probability of being Bd-positive compared with high-elevation sites, while low-elevation sites did not differ significantly. Amphibian Bd prevalence also increased with precipitation and followed a nonlinear relationship with temperature, suggesting higher prevalence under intermediate thermal conditions. By contrast, Bd detection in bromeliads was not significantly associated with abiotic factors. Bd infection intensity among amphibians did not differ significantly across host taxonomy or sampling sites. Together, these results suggest that bromeliad tanks may provide aquatic microhabitats for Bd detection and short-term persistence, but host infection patterns appear more associated with amphibian taxonomic identity, site-level variation and local climatic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.252148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:10:56Z","timestamp":1788912656000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating bromeliads as environmental reservoirs for\n                    <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/i>\n                    and amphibian disease dynamics in equatorial forests"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2549-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MDM","family":"Moretta-Urdiales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas State University 1 , San Marcos, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6455-537X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"McCracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi 2 , Corpus Christi, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Guayasamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Universidad San Francisco de Quito 3 , Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Tandayapa Cloud Forest Station, Universidad San Francisco de Quito 4 , Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5492-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Millennium Alliance 5 , Fremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moises","family":"Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Millennium Alliance 5 , Fremont, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4563-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley J.","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas State University 1 , San Marcos, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0239-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas State University 1 , San Marcos, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav0379","article-title":"Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity","volume":"363","author":"Scheele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05977","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.05977","article-title":"Synthesis of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in South America: amphibian species under risk and areas to focus research and disease mitigation","volume":"2022","author":"Azat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.1.206","article-title":"Chytridiomycosis in native Arizona frogs","volume":"38","author":"Bradley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28444","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028444","article-title":"Nothing a hot bath won't cure: infection rates of amphibian chytrid fungus correlate negatively with water temperature under natural field settings","volume":"6","author":"Forrest","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1071\/PC050114","article-title":"Decline in the prevalence of chytridiomycosis in frog populations in North Queensland, Australia","volume":"11","author":"McDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pac. Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.109391","article-title":"Chytrid infection dynamics in frog populations from climatically disparate regions","volume":"264","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. 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Dis."},{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C12","first-page":"190","article-title":"Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians from the forest floor to the upper canopy of an Ecuadorian Amazon lowland rainforest","volume":"40","author":"McCracken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Herpetol. Rev."},{"key":"2026090820105173700_RSOS252148C13","first-page":"33","article-title":"High prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in an Andean frog community (Reserva Las Gralarias, Ecuador)","volume":"8","author":"Guayasamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amphib. 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