{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:47:58Z","timestamp":1792151278962,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Standing starts in track cycling appear paradoxical: a departure \u2018from rest\u2019 can exhibit a non-zero bike velocity at the official signal. We resolve this apparent contradiction by identifying a brief transitional regime, initiated around the gate-release window and preceding steady pedalling, in which coordinated whole-body motion provides the initial impulse. Using direct characterization of the starting gate, high-speed videography of elite specialist starters, anthropometric centre-of-mass (CoM) reconstruction and instrumented crank-torque measurements, we separate three concurrent contributions to the early motion: gate braking, inertial forcing from rapid CoM motion and pedalling propulsion. The resulting dynamical model reproduces the measured velocity\u2013time profiles and explains lawful non-zero start velocities without prescribing them as initial conditions. Optimization analyses show that start performance is governed primarily by the timing of initiation relative to the release window and by the explosiveness of the CoM motion, whereas gearing and mass have only minor effects over this early interval. The model therefore provides practical guidance for improving the first instants of the track-cycling standing start within the rules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.252273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:11:12Z","timestamp":1788912672000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Solving the standing-start paradox in track cycling"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Giraud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LadHyX, CNRS - \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 1 , Palaiseau, 91120 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Sachet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise de Cyclisme 2 , Montigny-le-Bretoneux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Brunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise de Cyclisme 2 , Montigny-le-Bretoneux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2448-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Clanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LadHyX, CNRS - \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 1 , Palaiseau, 91120 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101606561359200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074074","article-title":"Biomechanical performance factors in the track and field sprint start: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Valamatos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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Sport."},{"key":"2026101606561359200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-018-0283-0","article-title":"A mathematical model for simulating cycling: applied to track cycling","volume":"21","author":"Fitton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Engineering"},{"key":"2026101606561359200_bib10","unstructured":"Abel\n              H\n            .\n          2025\n          Optimisation de l'a\u00e9rodynamique cycliste\/v\u00e9lo en cyclisme sur piste. PhD thesis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France."},{"key":"2026101606561359200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00178-6","article-title":"Adjustments to Zatsiorsky\u2013Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters","volume":"29","author":"de Leva","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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