{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:40:04Z","timestamp":1792510804972,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Basic Research","award":["YQJH2024038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQJH2024038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After the leakage of a buried pipeline, the overlying soil structure deforms under the high-speed impact of escaping gas, influencing both leakage and diffusion behaviours. This deformation typically appears as a soil cavity above the leakage port, especially in medium- and low-pressure conditions. In this study, the formation process of soil cavities is investigated using CFD\u2013DEM coupled numerical simulations. The control variable method is applied to examine how different conditions affect cavity size and gas diffusion, and the sensitivity between cavity characteristics and leakage behaviour is analysed. Results show that the leaked gas forms a high-velocity zone near the leakage port, generating negative pressure in the surrounding area. Soil cavities generally form and stabilize within 0.1 s under gas impact. Soil particle size and porosity significantly influence the cavity formation time by altering the pore structure and total pore volume. The average sensitivity coefficients of the maximum cavity width to gas leakage velocity and the highest dangerous range (HDR) are 5.71 and 18.78, respectively, indicating that larger cavity widths correspond to higher leakage velocities and greater HDR. Therefore, the maximum cavity width serves as the most appropriate indicator for evaluating soil cavities caused by buried gas pipeline leakage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.260883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:17:23Z","timestamp":1791937043000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coupled CFD\u2013DEM analysis of soil cavity formation and gas diffusion during buried pipeline leakage"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2810-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanxi","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University 1 , Daqing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxiu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University 1 , Daqing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University 1 , Daqing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of English and International Studies, Beijing Language and Culture University 2 , Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University 1 , Daqing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University 1 , Daqing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2018.09.003","article-title":"Natural gas distribution system: a statistical analysis of accidents data","volume":"168","author":"Bianchini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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Process Ind."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.105101","article-title":"Hazardous chemical leakage accidents and emergency evacuation response from 2009 to 2018 in China: a review","volume":"135","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162386","article-title":"Environmental risk of oil pipeline accidents","volume":"874","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00095","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.2021.00095","article-title":"A closer look at underground natural gas pipeline leaks across the United States","volume":"10","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elem. Sci Anth."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106676","article-title":"Investigating the influence of surrounding soil properties on leakage discharge from cracks in polyethylene pipes","volume":"141","author":"Latifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129674","article-title":"Study on the leakage morphology and temperature variations in the soil zone during large-scale buried CO2 pipeline leakage","volume":"288","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.9b00291","article-title":"Natural gas emissions from underground pipelines and implications for leak detection","volume":"6","author":"Ulrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.11.031","article-title":"Quantifying methane release and dispersion estimations for buried natural gas pipeline leakages","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2024.05.078","article-title":"CFD modelling of methane dispersion from buried pipeline leaks: experimental validation and hazard distance estimation","volume":"187","author":"Mohanty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2022.104583","article-title":"Study of natural gas emission from a hole on underground pipelines using optimal design-based CFD simulations: developing comprehensive soil classified leakage models","volume":"102","author":"Bagheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04025036","DOI":"10.1061\/JPSEA2.PSENG-1746","article-title":"Leakage characteristic analysis and hazard level classification of gas pipelines considering layered soil backfilling","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123940","article-title":"CFD investigation of natural gas leakage and propagation from buried pipeline for anisotropic and partially saturated multilayer soil","volume":"277","author":"Bezaatpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103792","article-title":"Numerical study on the diffusion process of pinhole leakage of natural gas from underground pipelines to the soil","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.501-504.2266","article-title":"Studies of the small leakage in buried gas pipeline under the condition of soil properties","volume":"501\u2013504","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"App. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2018.03.016","article-title":"Consequences of a 12-mm diameter high pressure gas release on a buried pipeline. Experimental setup and results","volume":"54","author":"Houssin-Agbomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2018.06.010","article-title":"Experimental study and modelling of the consequences of small leaks on buried transmission gas pipeline","volume":"55","author":"Bonnaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C21","first-page":"321","article-title":"Acoustic field analysis of buried gas pipeline leakage based on CFD-DEM coupling","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vib. Shock,"},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C22","unstructured":"Zhang\n              JH\n            \n          . 2024Research on the characteristics and acoustic electric response laws of soil disturbed by multi-point leakage of buried gas pipelines. Thesis, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C23","unstructured":"Zhao\n              AH\n            \n          . 2021Research on soil morphology and acoustic response law of micro leakage erosion in buried gas pipeline. Thesis, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2025.110338","article-title":"DEM-CFD simulation and theoretical predictive model of pipeline leakage induced road collapse: a case study from Beijing China","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2018.07.007","article-title":"Tracking of particles using TFM in gas-solid fluidized beds","volume":"29","author":"Banaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2011.06.015","article-title":"Modeling of particle deposition in a vertical turbulent pipe flow at a reduced probability of particle sticking to the wall","volume":"66","author":"Eskin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2018.03.032","article-title":"Analysis of particle rotation in fluidized bed by use of discrete particle model","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1063\/1.858379","article-title":"On the influence of the Basset history force on the motion of a particle through a fluid","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids A"},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101858","article-title":"A new method for predicting erosion damage of suddenly contracted pipe impacted by particle cluster via CFD-DEM","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2005.01.023","article-title":"Spherical particle movement in dilute pneumatic conveying","volume":"153","author":"Salman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2020.106046","article-title":"A numerical simulation investigation of the influence of rotor wake on sediment particles by computational fluid dynamics coupling discrete element method","volume":"105","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2022.02.003","article-title":"CFD\u2013DEM simulation of particle deposition characteristics of pleated air filter media based on porous media model","volume":"72","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2022.117568","article-title":"Simulation of the thermomechanical behavior of discrete particles in the laser directed energy deposition process","volume":"405","author":"Pacheco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-016-0699-9","article-title":"Application of the Hertz formulation in the discrete element model of pressure-assisted sintering","volume":"19","author":"Nosewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Granul. Matt."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(92)88030-L","article-title":"Lagrangian numerical simulation of plug flow of cohesionless particles in a horizontal pipe","volume":"71","author":"Tsuji","year":"1992","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2016.02.017","article-title":"Parameters and contact models for DEM simulations of agricultural granular materials: a review","volume":"147","author":"Horabik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C43","first-page":"707","article-title":"Velocity prediction of slope rolling stone particle based on collision model","volume":"52","author":"Xinrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Theor. Appl. 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Process Ind."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.03.007","article-title":"CFD analysis and calculation models establishment of leakage of natural gas pipeline considering real buried environment","volume":"8","author":"Bu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2014.976308","article-title":"Large-scale experiments and absolute detonability of methane\/air mixtures","volume":"187","author":"Oran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgsce.2024.205238","article-title":"Investigation on natural gas leakage and diffusion characteristics based on CFD","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026102010181109700_RSOS260883C49","article-title":"Study on the influence of soil deformation behavior on leakage and diffusion of buried gas pipelines based on CFD-DEM coupling","author":"Lu","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.260883\/6170413\/rsos.260883.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.260883\/6170413\/rsos.260883.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:51:30Z","timestamp":1792507890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article\/13\/10\/260883\/483634\/Coupled-CFD-DEM-analysis-of-soil-cavity-formation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.260883","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.260883\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"260883"}}