{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:09:27Z","timestamp":1792786167860,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Primate Action Fund","award":["CCO-0000000353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCO-0000000353"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014626","name":"Primate Society of Great Britain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014626","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basler Stiftung f\u00fcr biologische Forschung"},{"name":"Stiftung Temperatio","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044hm4j06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Climatic variation can shape primate activity budgets by altering the energetic and thermoregulatory costs of feeding, resting, locomotion and social behaviour. However, little is known about how chimpanzees that inhabit cool, wet montane forests adjust their activity in response to fine-scale meteorological conditions. We examined the effects of temperature, absolute humidity (water vapour pressure (WVP)), wind speed and rainfall on eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, one of the highest-elevation chimpanzee habitats. From March 2024 to February 2025, we collected 1933 party scans and 5661 individual scans, together with scan-level microclimatic measurements. Rainfall showed the clearest behavioural association: feeding probability declined during rainfall, whereas resting increased. Wind speed was negatively associated with both locomotion and grooming, suggesting that windier conditions may constrain movement and social behaviour. Temperature, WVP and fruit availability showed no clear association with any of the four behaviours. Feeding probability was higher and resting probability lower in the wet season than in the dry season. Harmonic beta-binomial generalized linear mixed-effects models revealed pronounced daily rhythmicity in feeding and resting. Overall, Nyungwe chimpanzees maintained broadly conserved daily activity rhythms while selectively adjusting behavioural allocation in response to immediate meteorological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.261020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:19:48Z","timestamp":1791937188000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microclimatic effects on activity patterns in a montane chimpanzee population"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9043-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Al-Razi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia 1 , Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda 3 , Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidele","family":"Muhayeyezu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyungwe Management Company 4 , African Parks, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Mulindahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyungwe Management Company 4 , African Parks, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Protais","family":"Niyigaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyungwe Management Company 4 , African Parks, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew Arthur","family":"Bantlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyungwe Management Company 4 , African Parks, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5396-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth A.","family":"Kaplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda 3 , Kigali, Rwanda"},{"name":"School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts 5 , Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane K.","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia 1 , Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8770-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyril C.","family":"Grueter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia 1 , Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia 2 , Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda 3 , Kigali, Rwanda"},{"name":"Institute of Human Sciences, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford 6 , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"International Centre for Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University 7 , Dali, Yunnan, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1159\/000155496","article-title":"Daily activity cycles and weather influences on a pigtail monkey group","volume":"18","author":"Bernstein","year":"1972","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20264","article-title":"Thermal constraints on activity scheduling and habitat choice in baboons","volume":"129","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168821","article-title":"Social and ecological influences on activity budgets of vervet monkeys, and their implications for group living","volume":"32","author":"Isbell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2307\/4559","article-title":"Thermoregulation, habitat quality and the behavioural ecology of gelada baboons","volume":"52","author":"Iwamoto","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000065425","article-title":"Social thermoregulation in redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus)","volume":"73","author":"Ostner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02380852","article-title":"Thermal effects on movement patterns of yellow baboons","volume":"29","author":"Stelzner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20125","article-title":"Differential effects of ambient temperature and humidity on allogrooming, self-grooming, and scratching in wild Japanese macaques","volume":"126","author":"Ventura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00080.x","article-title":"Time as an ecological constraint","volume":"84","author":"Dunbar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00167814","article-title":"Time: a hidden constraint on the behavioural ecology of baboons","volume":"31","author":"Dunbar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20989","article-title":"Influence of climatic variables, forest type, and condition on activity patterns of Geoffroy's spider monkeys throughout Mesoamerica","volume":"73","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.05295","article-title":"Cold and hungry: combined effects of low temperature and resource scarcity on an edge-of-range temperate primate, the golden snub-nose monkey","volume":"43","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601202","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.601202","article-title":"Climate effects on prey vulnerability modify expectations of predator responses to short- and long-term climate fluctuations","volume":"8","author":"Morin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03245-8","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on reproductive phenology in tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia","volume":"5","author":"Numata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20222181","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2181","article-title":"Current and lagged climate affects phenology across diverse taxonomic groups","volume":"290","author":"Prather","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00121.1","article-title":"Environmental variation as a driver of predator-prey interactions","volume":"5","author":"Tablado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.292","article-title":"Diet, food availability, and climatic factors drive ranging behavior in white-headed langurs in the limestone forests of Guangxi, southwest China","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2307\/1538741","article-title":"Heat regulation in some arctic and tropical mammals and birds","volume":"99","author":"Scholander","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2741\/3797","article-title":"Behavioral thermoregulation in mammals: a review","volume":"16","author":"Terrien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C19","first-page":"3","article-title":"Postural-positional thermoregulatory behaviour and ecological factors in primates","volume":"3","author":"Paterson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can. Rev. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-003-0054-8","article-title":"Indices of environmental temperatures for primates in open habitats","volume":"45","author":"Hill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.03.019","article-title":"Huddling is more important than rest site selection for thermoregulation in southern bamboo lemurs","volume":"127","author":"Eppley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb238113","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.238113","article-title":"How dryland mammals will respond to climate change: the effects of body size, heat load and a lack of food and water","volume":"224","author":"Fuller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2023.04.008","article-title":"Activity modulation and selection for forests help giant anteaters to cope with temperature changes","volume":"201","author":"Giroux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23341","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23341","article-title":"Temperature and exudativory as drivers of the marmoset (Callithrix spp.) daily activity period","volume":"84","author":"Hil\u00e1rio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C25","volume-title":"Primates in perspective","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542381","volume-title":"Primate communities","author":"Fleagle","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02547815","article-title":"The distribution of Papio hamadryas in Saudi Arabia: ecological correlates and human influence","volume":"13","author":"Biquand","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C28","unstructured":"Lodge\n              E\n            \n          . 2012Energetics and life-history of olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) in the Gashaka Gumti National Parks, PhD thesis, Roehampton University, UK."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-012-0333-3","article-title":"Overwintering strategy of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys: adjustments in activity scheduling and foraging patterns","volume":"54","author":"Grueter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-013-0359-1","article-title":"Feeding strategies of primates in temperate and alpine forests: comparison of Asian macaques and colobines","volume":"54","author":"Tsuji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199808)106:4<533::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Behavioral thermoregulation in a sexually and developmentally dichromatic neotropical primate, the black-and-gold howling monkey (Alouatta caraya)","volume":"106","author":"Bicca-Marques","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-023-00383-6","article-title":"Influence of weather conditions on sleeping patterns and selection of foliage cover of sleeping trees in black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northern Argentina","volume":"44","author":"Brividoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-022-00328-5","article-title":"Terrestrial tree hugging in a primarily arboreal lemur (Propithecus verreauxi): a cool way to deal with heat?","volume":"44","author":"Chen-Kraus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12203","article-title":"Behavioural thermoregulation in a small neotropical primate","volume":"120","author":"Gestich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2025.48.0008","article-title":"Effects of fluctuation in temperature and humidity and behavioral thermoregulation on the resting time of Alouatta palliata monkeys","volume":"48","author":"Palestino-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoaf068","article-title":"Howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) thermal behavioral strategies and resting time are temperature-dependent","volume":"72","author":"Palestino-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23614","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23614","article-title":"Behavioral thermoregulation in primates: a review of literature and future avenues","volume":"86","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22505","article-title":"Body temperature and thermal environment in a generalized arboreal anthropoid, wild mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata)","volume":"154","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190631","article-title":"Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall","volume":"13","author":"Hanya","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-013-9678-8","article-title":"The effect of climatic factors on the activity budgets of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)","volume":"34","author":"Majolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-018-0059-1","article-title":"The effects of climate seasonality on behavior and sleeping site choice in Sahamalaza sportive lemurs, Lepilemur sahamalaza","volume":"39","author":"Mandl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22518","article-title":"Behavioral flexibility of vervet monkeys in response to climatic and social variability","volume":"154","author":"McFarland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-006-0004-3","article-title":"The influence of snowfall, temperature and social relationships on sleeping clusters of Japanese monkeys during winter in Shiga Heights","volume":"48","author":"Wada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11091260","article-title":"Seasonal change in activity rhythms and time budgets of Tibetan macaques","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70026","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70026","article-title":"Factors affecting the diet and activity budget of wild Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)","volume":"87","author":"Ru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13134","article-title":"Nutrient-specific compensation for seasonal cold stress in a free-ranging temperate colobine monkey","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C47","first-page":"792","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world, vol. 3: primates","author":"Williamson","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90084-X","article-title":"Habitats of three groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in western Tanzania compared","volume":"17","author":"Collins","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21924","article-title":"Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in savanna landscapes","volume":"30","author":"Lindshield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(81)80061-9","article-title":"Chimpanzees in a hot, dry and open habitat: Mt. Assirik, Senegal, West Africa","volume":"10","author":"McGrew","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-020-00164-5","article-title":"Classifying chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) landscapes across large-scale environmental gradients in Africa","volume":"41","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.03.001","article-title":"The costs of living at the edge: seasonal stress in wild savanna-dwelling chimpanzees","volume":"121","author":"Wessling","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-012-9585-4","article-title":"Nest-building by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Seringbara, Nimba Mountains: antipredation, thermoregulation, and antivector hypotheses","volume":"33","author":"Koops","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20970","article-title":"Temperature's influence on the activity budget, terrestriality, and sun exposure of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda","volume":"139","author":"Kosheleff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4207\/PA.2009.ART33","article-title":"Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) behavioral responses to stresses associated with living in a savannah-mosaic environment: implications for hominin adaptations to open habitats","volume":"2009","author":"Pruetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"PaleoAnthropology"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10342","article-title":"Seasonal change in terrestriality of chimpanzees in relation to microclimate in the tropical forest","volume":"124","author":"Takemoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.04.005","article-title":"Thermal adaptation and the potential anticipation of overnight weather in the nesting decisions of chimpanzees","volume":"36","author":"Al-Razi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22031","article-title":"A thermodynamic comparison of arboreal and terrestrial sleeping sites for dry-habitat chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at the Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda","volume":"74","author":"Samson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23461","article-title":"Savanna chimpanzees adjust sleeping nest architecture in response to local weather conditions","volume":"166","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1644\/11-MAMM-A-070.1","article-title":"Influence of seasonality, group size, and presence of a congener on activity patterns of howler monkeys","volume":"93","author":"Agostini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-011-9515-x","article-title":"Seasonal differences in activity patterns of Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) living in continuous and fragmented forests in southern Mexico","volume":"32","author":"Chaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026368518431","article-title":"Influence of seasonality on activity patterns, feeding behavior, ranging, and grouping patterns in Ta\u00ef chimpanzees","volume":"18","author":"Doran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-004-0845-y","article-title":"Arrived in the light: diel and seasonal activity patterns in wild Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus v. verreauxi; Primates: Indriidae)","volume":"57","author":"Erkert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C64","first-page":"377","article-title":"Impacts of temperature on behaviour of the Mexican endangered black howler monkey Alouatta pigra Lawrence, 1933 (Primates: Atelidae) in a fragmented landscape","volume":"70","author":"Aristizabal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Bulg."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1163\/14219980-bja10064","article-title":"Behavioural responses of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to environmental fluctuations: a preliminary study on Belitung Island, Indonesia","volume":"96","author":"Hasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23962","article-title":"Keeping cool in the heat: behavioral thermoregulation and body temperature patterns in wild vervet monkeys","volume":"171","author":"McFarland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-015-0481-3","article-title":"Effects of food availability and climate on activity patterns of western black-crested gibbons in an isolated forest fragment in southern Yunnan, China","volume":"56","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3934\/environsci.2016.2.249","article-title":"Climate-mediated activity of the Javan slow loris, Nycticebus javanicus","volume":"3","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738820","DOI":"10.3389\/fcosc.2022.738820","article-title":"Higher maximum temperature increases the frequency of water drinking in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)","volume":"3","author":"Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Conserv. Sci."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.02.016","article-title":"From ridgetops to ravines: landscape drivers of chimpanzee ranging patterns","volume":"163","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2005.00081.x","article-title":"Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) seed dispersal in an Afromontane forest: microhabitat influences on the postdispersal fate of large seeds","volume":"37","author":"Gross-Camp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-14-1285-2017","article-title":"Carbon stocks and dynamics at different successional stages in an afromontane tropical forest","volume":"14","author":"Nyirambangutse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.22.6.394","article-title":"Chimpanzee metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Benedict","year":"1936","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C74","first-page":"260","article-title":"Flexibility, variability and constraint in energy management patterns across vertebrate taxa revealed by long-term heart rate measurements","volume":"33","author":"Halsey","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals","volume":"97","author":"Taylor","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C76","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of wetting of insulation of bird and mammal coats","volume":"9","author":"Webb","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.11.012","article-title":"Resting time as an ecological constraint on primate biogeography","volume":"79","author":"Korstjens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70409","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.70409","article-title":"Increasing fruiting synchrony at the community level in an afromontane tropical forest","volume":"16","author":"Dugger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C79","first-page":"e22971","article-title":"Chimpanzee feeding ecology and fallback food use in the montane forest of Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda","volume":"81","author":"Matthews","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2307\/2389053","article-title":"Tree phenology in a tropical montane forest in Rwanda","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C81","volume-title":"Biodiversity surveys of the Nyungwe Forest Reserve in S.W. Rwanda","author":"Plumptre","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C82","volume-title":"Eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): status survey and conservation action plan 2010\u20132020","author":"Plumptre","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-020-02964-4","article-title":"Ecological and reproductive drivers of fission\u2013fusion dynamics in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) inhabiting a montane forest","volume":"75","author":"Matthews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534","article-title":"Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods","volume":"49","author":"Altmann","year":"1974","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.10008","article-title":"Recent developments in the study of wild chimpanzee behavior","volume":"11","author":"Mitani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-019-00783-4","article-title":"How to measure chimpanzee party size? A methodological comparison","volume":"61","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoz058","article-title":"A comparison of fecal sampling and direct feeding observations for quantifying the diet of a frugivorous primate","volume":"66","author":"Matthews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108776462","volume-title":"Measuring behaviour: an introductory guide","author":"Bateson","year":"2021","edition":"4th edn."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010785517852","article-title":"Activity and ranging patterns of guerezas in the Kakamega Forest: intergroup variation and implications for intragroup feeding competition","volume":"22","author":"Fashing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-010-9389-3","article-title":"Diet, activity patterns, and ranging ecology of the Bale monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) in Odobullu Forest, Ethiopia","volume":"31","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1159\/000322354","article-title":"A direct comparison of scan and focal sampling methods for measuring wild chimpanzee feeding behaviour","volume":"81","author":"Gilby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0066-1856(68)80003-2","article-title":"The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve","volume":"1","author":"van Lawick-Goodall","year":"1968","journal-title":"Anim. Behav. Monogr."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C93","volume-title":"Psychrometry and psychrometric charts","author":"Barenbrug","year":"1974","edition":"3rd edn."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C94","first-page":"297","article-title":"\u00dcber einige meteorologische Begriffe (On some meteorological terms)","volume":"6","author":"Tetens","year":"1930","journal-title":"Z. Geophys."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1981)020<1527:NEFCVP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor","volume":"20","author":"Buck","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C96","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x","article-title":"A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems","volume":"1","author":"Zuur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C99","volume-title":"DHARMa: residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level\/mixed) regression models","author":"Hartig"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23151-3","article-title":"Climate and predation drive variation of diel activity patterns in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) across southern Africa","volume":"15","author":"Dzingwena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2121105119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121105119","article-title":"Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar","volume":"119","author":"Eppley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2021.12.008","article-title":"Thermoenergetic challenges and daytime behavioural patterns of a wild cathemeral mammal","volume":"185","author":"Perea-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-016-9917-x","article-title":"Measuring microhabitat temperature in arboreal primates: a comparison of on-animal and stationary approaches","volume":"37","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350150303","article-title":"Environmental influences on mountain gorilla time budgets","volume":"15","author":"Watts","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20049","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the activity budget of Japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of Yakushima: effects of food and temperature","volume":"63","author":"Hanya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-024-00472-0","article-title":"Behavioral responses of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) to variations in food availability and climatic factors in Longrui, Guangxi, China","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C107","first-page":"27","article-title":"Activity budget of grey-shanked douc langurs (Pygathrix cinerea) in Kon Ka Kinh National Park, Vietnam","volume":"1","author":"Long","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vietnamese J. Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000156542","article-title":"The foraging itinerary of spider monkeys: when to eat leaves?","volume":"56","author":"Chapman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C109","first-page":"539","volume-title":"Primate ecology: studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes","author":"Clutton-Brock","year":"1977"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1159\/000156183","article-title":"Diurnal variation in foraging and diet in the wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus","volume":"43","author":"Robinson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-012-0301-y","article-title":"Diurnal resting in brown lemurs in a dry deciduous forest, northwestern Madagascar: implications for seasonal thermoregulation","volume":"53","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"2026102010491521900_RSOS261020C112","article-title":"Data and script: Microclimatic effects on activity patterns in a montane chimpanzee population","author":"Al-Razi","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Royal Society Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.261020\/6170055\/rsos.261020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.261020\/6170055\/rsos.261020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:53:29Z","timestamp":1792508009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsos\/article\/13\/10\/261020\/483608\/Microclimatic-effects-on-activity-patterns-in-a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.261020","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.261020\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.261020\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.261020\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.261020\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSOS.261020\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-5703"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-5703","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"261020"}}