{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:21:30Z","timestamp":1778624490165,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2160","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]],"date-time":"2013-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]]},"abstract":"\n The implosion of cylindrical shell structures in a high-pressure water environment is studied experimentally. The shell structures are made from thin-walled aluminium and brass tubes with circular cross sections and internal clearance-fit aluminium end caps. The structures are filled with air at atmospheric pressure. The implosions are created in a high-pressure tank with a nominal internal diameter of 1.77\u2009m by raising the ambient water pressure slowly to a value,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n c<\/jats:sub>\n , just above the elastic stability limit of each shell structure. The implosion events are photographed with a high-speed digital movie camera, and the pressure waves are measured simultaneously with an array of underwater blast sensors. For the models with larger values of length-to-diameter ratio,\n L<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n D<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n , the tubes flatten during implosion with a two-lobe (mode 2) cross-sectional shape. In these cases, it is found that the pressure wave records scale primarily with\n P<\/jats:italic>\n c<\/jats:sub>\n and the time scale\n \n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n (where\n R<\/jats:italic>\n i<\/jats:sub>\n is the internal radius of the tube and\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n is the density of water), whereas the details of the structural design produce only secondary effects. In cases with smaller values of\n L<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n D<\/jats:italic>\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n , the models implode with higher-mode cross-sectional shapes. Pressure signals are compared for various mode-number implosions of models with the same available energy,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n c<\/jats:sub>\n V<\/jats:italic>\n , where\n V<\/jats:italic>\n is the internal air-filled volume of the model. It is found that the pressure records scale well temporally with the time scale\n \n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , but that the shape and amplitudes of the pressure records are strongly affected by the mode number.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2013.0443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T05:17:13Z","timestamp":1381900633000},"page":"20130443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The implosion of cylindrical shell structures in a high-pressure water environment"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"469","author":[{"given":"C. M.","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wilkerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786441308634994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"418","article-title":"Der kritische aussendruck fur allseits belastete zylindrischer rohre (the critical external pressure of cylindrical tubes under uniform radial and axial load), Transl. by DF Windenburg in 1933","volume":"53","author":"von Mises R","year":"1929","journal-title":"Festschrift, Prof. Dr. A. Stodola, Orell Fussli Veriag"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"A study of the collapsing pressure of thin-walled cylinders","volume":"329","author":"Sturm R","year":"1941","journal-title":"Univ. Illinois Eng. Exp. Station Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"381","article-title":"Resistance of tubes to collapse","volume":"21","author":"Carman A","year":"1905","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The collapse of short thin tubes","volume":"99","author":"Carman A","year":"1917","journal-title":"Univ. Illinois Eng. Exp. Station Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Resistance of tubes to collapse","volume":"5","author":"Carman A","year":"1906","journal-title":"Univ. Illinois Eng. Exp. Station Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786442508634806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440108635283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4019870","article-title":"Collapse by instability of thin cylindrical shells under external pressure","volume":"56","author":"Windenburg D","year":"1934","journal-title":"Transcr. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4022695","article-title":"Strength of thin shells under external pressure","volume":"53","author":"Saunders H","year":"1931","journal-title":"Transcr. Am. Soc. Mech. 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