{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:52:46Z","timestamp":1772085166432,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"938","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1959,1,27]],"date-time":"1959-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-344908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1959,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Observations have been made on the intact retinae of various animals chosen so as to give examples of golden, red and purple retinae. It is confirmed, by a method giving the absorption curve of unbleached retina, that the retinae of deep-sea fish have golden photosensitive pigments in optical densities so high that they absorb over 90% of blue-green light striking them. Despite the fact that light has passed through all the retinal layers the spectral total density curves correspond closely to those obtained on highly purified retinal extracts. After making a small correction for losses of light in the layers of retina other than the receptor layer the Dmin. \/ Dmax. ratios were about 0\u00b725 for chrysopsin retinae and 0\u00b725 for porphyropsin retinae. The losses of light in retinae from which the rod and cone layer has been brushed off, although varying little with wavelength, rise slowly in the near ultra-violet and red from a minimum in the yellow. The edge-fold preparation, useful for studying the dichroism of the retinal rods is described. Using such preparations it is shown that the spectral curves of dichroic difference in density are very close to those of total retinal density and therefore there can be little material absorbing light between 400 and 720 m\u03bc orientated along the axes of unbleached rods. There is, however, such material absorbing near ultra-violet light present in unbleached retinae whose principal photosensitive pigment is derived from vitamin A2. For both vitamin A1 and vitamin A2 retinae the sense of the dichroism in the near ultra-violet is reversed in the first hour following the bleaching of the photosensitive pigments. This shows that the molecules of visual white (vitamin A) in the bleached isolated retina are orientated with their axes of resonance parallel to the axes of the rods, a conclusion confirmed by studies of the polarization of the fluorescence of visual white in the bleached retina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1959.0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]],"date-time":"2006-12-15T17:28:29Z","timestamp":1166203709000},"page":"78-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["The contributions of the orientated photosensitive and other molecules to the absorption of whole retina"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Eric James","family":"Denton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marine Biological Association\u2019s Laboratory, Plymouth"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brauer A. 1908 Die Tiefseefische. 1-266.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01990597"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crescitelli F. & Dartnall H. J. A. J .Physiol. 125 607 -627. II. Anatomischer Teil. Ergeb. ` ' 15 1952 A photosensitive pigment of the carp retina.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005184"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dartnall H. J. A. 1952 Visual pigment 467 a photosensitive pigment present in tench retinae. J .Physiol. 116 257-289.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004705"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dartnall H. J. A. 1953 The interpretation of spectral sensitivity curves. 9 24-30.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074302"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1956.sp005646","article-title":"Further observations on the visual pigments of the clawed toad Xenopuslaevis. J","volume":"134","author":"Dartnall H. J. A.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Physiol."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/139409b0","article-title":"Scotopic Iuminosity curve and the absorption spectrum of visual purple","volume":"139","author":"Dartnall H. J. A.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Nature. Lond."},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"16","article-title":"A method of easily observing the dichroism of the visual rods. J","volume":"124","author":"Denton E .","year":"1954","journal-title":"Physiol."},{"key":"p_8","first-page":"1315","article-title":"6 Une nouvelle m 6thode pour determiner la courbe d 'absorption du poupre retinien. C.R","volume":"239","author":"Denton E. J.","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acad. Sci., P aris"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"257","article-title":"The visual pigment of the conger eel","volume":"148","author":"Denton E. J.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. B"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1038\/1781059a0","article-title":"Visual pigments in deep sea fish","volume":"178","author":"Denton E. J.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Nature. Lond."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400025911","article-title":"The photosensitive pigments in the retinae of deep sea fish","volume":"36","author":"Denton E. J.","year":"1957","journal-title":"J.Mar. Biol. Ass. U .K ."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1955.sp005239","article-title":"Study of the photosensitive pigments in the pink and green rods of the frog. J","volume":"127","author":"Denton E. J.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Physiol."},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Donner K . O. 1957 The spectral sensitivity of vertebrate retinal elements. N .P.L. S ym - posium on visual problems of colour. London: H.M.S.O."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0610388","article-title":"Levels of oxidised and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide and triphosphopyridine nucleotide in animal tissues","volume":"61","author":"Glock G. E.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biochem. J ."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.36.2.269","article-title":"Cis-trans isomers of vitamin A and retinene in the rhodopsin system. J","volume":"36","author":"Hubbard R.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"p_16","unstructured":"Kiihne W. 1878 The photochemistry of the retina and on visual purple. (Translated by M. Foster.) London: Macmillan."},{"key":"p_17","unstructured":"Le Grand Y. 1948 Lumiere et eouleurs. Optique Physiologique Vol. 2. Paris: Editions de la Revue d 'Optique."},{"key":"p_18","first-page":"224","article-title":"Visual pigments","volume":"14","author":"Morton R. 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