{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:27:19Z","timestamp":1790148439431,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1236","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,5,22]],"date-time":"1985-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":485568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The capacity of the mammalian brain to support the physiological function of allografts was assessed in parathyroidectomized Fischer strain rats bearing either isografts or immunogenic DA allografts of parathyroid glands implanted in their cerebral cortices. Established isografts and allografts survived indefinitely in the brain, maintaining normal serum calcium levels, with equal numbers of spontaneous failures (18\u201321%) in each group. Similarly, both MHC-compatible and incompatible skin allografts survived and were \u2018functional\u2019 at 40\u201350 days postgrafting as assessed by: continued formation of keratin; the presence of differentiated hair follicles and sebaceous glands; and frequent mitotic figures. No serum alloantibodies were induced by either MHC-incompatible parathyroid glands or skin in this site. However, both types of allografts were promptly rejected or failed to become established in the brains of specifically presensitized hosts. Furthermore, when Fischer hosts with long-established intracerebral DA parathyroid grafts received orthotopic DA skin grafts, their parathyroid grafts were rejected along with first-set rejection of the skin grafts. The tempo of this cellular immune response and the primary alloantibody response that accompanied it indicate that although the intracerebral grafts failed to induce detectable host sensitization or suppression, they remained susceptible to immune effectors. Thus, by using strongly immunogenic, adult tissues, we have established that the rat cerebral cortex is an immunologically privileged site, and the privilege is not dependent on lack of graft immunogenicity or alterations in host responsiveness. Furthermore, Ia+ (possible antigen-presenting) cells were rare in the cortical parenchyma sites used for transplantation though numerous in the choroid plexus of the ventricles and in certain areas of white matter. Therefore, privilege probably reflects deficient graft antigen presentation related to the paucity of Ia + cells as well as to the brain\u2019s poor lymphatic drainage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1985.0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,18]],"date-time":"2006-12-18T18:20:27Z","timestamp":1166466027000},"page":"375-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Functional capacity of solid tissue transplants in the brain: evidence for immunological privilege"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Judith R.","family":"Head","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Sue T.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235, U. S. A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Amos D. B. & Pool P. 1976 HLA typing. In Manual of clinical immunology (ed. N. R. Rose & H. Friedman) pp. 797-804. Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology."},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"The role of afferent Iymphatics in the rejection of skin homografts. J.exp","volume":"128","author":"Barker C. F.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunologically privileged sites","volume":"25","author":"Barker C. F.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"348","article-title":"Influence of culturing on the survival of major histocompatibility complex-compatible and -incompatible thyroid grafts in rats. J. exp","volume":"157","author":"Bartlett S. T.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"Billingham R. E. 1961 Free skin grafting in mammals. 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R.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Path."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/307273a0"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.6.2413","article-title":"Production ofprostaglandin E and an interleukin-1-like factor by cultured astrocytes and Cfi glioma cells","volume":"129","author":"Fontana A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Functional brain tissue transplantation: Reversal of lesion-induced rotation by intraventricular substantia nigra and adrenal medulla grafts, with a note on intracranial retinal grafts","volume":"18","author":"Freed W. J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236442"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"569","article-title":"Immunogenetic aspects of intracerebral skin transplantation in inbred rats","volume":"94","author":"Geyer S. J.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-197902000-00009"},{"key":"p_17","first-page":"347","article-title":"Demonstration and characterization of la-positive dendritic cells in the interstitial connective tissues of rat heart and other tissues, but not brain. J. exp","volume":"153","author":"Hart D. N. J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198211000-00003"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198310000-00014"},{"key":"p_20","first-page":"157","article-title":"Lymphatic vessels in the uterine endometrium of virgin rats. J. reprod","volume":"6","author":"Head J. R.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Immunol."},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"5","article-title":"Components and concepts of antigenic strength","volume":"3","author":"Hildemann W. H.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Transplantn Rev."},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/298468a0"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6683427"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.01.040183.001043"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196711000-00012"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.32.9.852"},{"key":"p_27","first-page":"58","article-title":"Immunity to homologous grafted skin. III. The fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br. J.exp","volume":"29","author":"Medawar P. B.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Path."},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"183","article-title":"Conditions determining the transplantability of tissues in the brain. J. exp","volume":"38","author":"Murphy J. 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Immunol."},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"27","article-title":"Comparisons of nerve fiber growth from three major catecholamine-producing cell systems: adrenal medulla, superior cervical ganglia, and locus coeruleus","volume":"25","author":"Olson L.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. psychopharmacol."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.9.5278"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.571147"},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Immunologic study of the brain as a privileged site","volume":"9","author":"Raju S.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Transplantn Proc."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1710990303"},{"key":"p_37","first-page":"571","article-title":"Parathyroid transplants in rats. J. exp","volume":"109","author":"Russell P. 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