{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T07:16:46Z","timestamp":1789888606808,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1296","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,4,23]],"date-time":"1990-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":640828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In primates the retina is connected with different targets in the brain via several parallel pathways, the largest of which is that going to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and thence to the striate cortex, the geniculo-striate pathway. When this route is damaged in man, apparent blindness in a corresponding part of the visual field occurs, despite the integrity of the other parallel pathways. In animals, it has been demonstrated by conventional behavioural forced-choice techniques that extrastriate routes can sustain a variety of visual discriminations. Comparable discriminations are also possible in some human subjects with geniculostriate damage when forced-choice \u2018guessing\u2019 techniques are used. \u2018Blind-sight\u2019 refers to those subjects who state that they are unaware of the visual stimuli, even when performing discriminations at high levels of proficiency. Extensions of this approach are reviewed, especially to spec\u00adtral sensitivity and movement discrimination. But residual capacities can also be assessed without requiring guessing responses, thereby avoiding issues of differential response criteria and other practical difficulties. Effects of \u2018unseen\u2019 stimuli in the cortically blind field on the visible perception of concurrent stimuli in the intact field can be measured. Also, positive reactions of the autonomic nervous system, such as the galvanic skin response, can be recorded to visual stimuli presented in the blind field. Recent evidence demonstrates that the pupil in normal adult sub\u00adjects is systematically sensitive to structural and chromatic features of visual stimuli. Pupillometry reveals specific changes and residual capaci\u00adties in visual-field defects of adult patients with striate cortical damage. Thus non-verbal and sensitive methods are available that permit the comparative study of normal and residual visual capacity in human infants, adults and infra-human animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1990.0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,18]],"date-time":"2006-12-18T18:20:27Z","timestamp":1166466027000},"page":"247-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["The Ferrier Lecture, 1989 - Outlooks for blindsight: explicit methodologies for implicit processes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Weiskrantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, U. K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"The pupil.Berlin: Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.4.905"},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"107","article-title":"Can the pupil response be used as a measure of the visual input associated with the geniculo-striate pathway","volume":"1","author":"Barbur J. L.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Vis."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1987.tb00773.x"},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"131","article-title":"A new system for the simultaneous measurement of pupil size and two-dimensional eye movements. vis","volume":"2","author":"Barbur J. L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sci."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.1.63"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(84)90040-X"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/320619a0"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.4.887"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00016861"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2025588"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0114.1983.tb00186.x"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbetta M. Marzi C. A. Tassinari G. & Aglioti S. 1990 Effectiveness of different task paradigms in revealing blindsight. Brain. (In the press.)","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.3.603"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p030257"},{"key":"p_15","unstructured":"Cowey A. 1985 Aspects of cortical organization related to selective attention and selective impairments of visual perception. In Attention and performance (ed. M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin) pp. 41-62. Hillsdale New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"91","article-title":"A perimetric study of visual field defects in monkeys. Q. Jl exp","volume":"15","author":"Cowey A.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Psychol."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90333-3"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Monasterio F. M. 1981 Functional properties and presumed roles of retinal ganglion cells of the monkey. In Advances in physiological science vol. 2. Regulatory functions of the CNS subsystems (ed. J. Szentagothai J. Hamori & M. Palkovits) pp. 261-270. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-027371-6.50037-9"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Monasterio F. M. 1984 Electrophysiology of color vision. I. Cellular level. In Colour vision deficiencies VII (ed. G. Verriest) pp. 9-28. The Hague: Dr W. Junk Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6551-5_3"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015498"},{"key":"p_21","unstructured":"Desimone R. & Ungerleider L. G. 1989 Neural mechanisms of visual processing in monkeys. In Handbook of neuropsychology vol. 2 (ed. F. Boiler & J. Grafman) pp. 267-299. Amsterdam New York and Oxford: Elsevier Publishers."},{"key":"p_22","unstructured":"Ferrier D. 1986 The functions of the brain. London: Smith Elder & Co."},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.4.871"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014619"},{"key":"p_25","unstructured":"James Wm. 1990 Principles of psychology. London: Macmillan & Co."},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2755"},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1969.tb14024.x"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90346-7"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(66)90017-0"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/336766a0"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(86)90074-6"},{"key":"p_32","unstructured":"Natsoulas T. 1982 Conscious perception and the paradox of `blind-sight'. In Aspects of consciousness vol. 3 (ed. G. Underwood) pp. 79-109. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"p_33","first-page":"696","article-title":"Visual function within the hemianopic field following early cerebral hemidecortication in man. II. Pattern discrimination","volume":"16","author":"Perenin M. T.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perenin M. T. & Jeannerod M. 1978 Visual function within the hemianopic field following early cerebral hemidecortication in man. I. Spatial localization. 16. 1-13.","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(78)90037-4"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90007-1"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90006-X"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(84)80026-X"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/243295a0"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90092-3"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-06-02033.1989"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders M. D. Warrington E. K. Marshall J. & Weiskrantz L. 1974 `Blindsight': vision in a field defect. Lancet i 707-708.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92907-9"},{"key":"p_42","unstructured":"Schacter D. L. McAndrews M. P. & Moscovitch M. 1988 Access to consciousness: dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes. In Thought without language (ed. L. Weiskrantz) pp. 242-278. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-04-00996.1987"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00201747908601876"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/292543a0"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(86)90064-0"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimamura A. P. 1986 Priming effects in amnesia:evidence for a dissociable memory function. Q. Jl exp. Psychol. 38a 619-644.","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748608401617"},{"key":"p_48","first-page":"105","article-title":"Visual acuity measured with pupil responses to checkerboard stimuli","volume":"19","author":"Slooter J. H.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Inv. Ophthal."},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.4.869"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(85)90061-2"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/342916a0"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00247.x"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(78)90038-6"},{"key":"p_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4012303"},{"key":"p_55","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Spatial pattern as a stimulus to the puillary system. J. opt","volume":"2","author":"Ukai K.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Soc. Am."},{"key":"p_56","unstructured":"Ungerleider L. G. & Mishkin M. 1982 Two cortical visual systems. In Analysis of visual behavior (ed. D. J. Ingle M. A. Goodale & R. J. W. Mansfield) pp. 549-586. Cambridge; Massachusetts: MIT Press."},{"key":"p_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/217972a0"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1972.0087"},{"key":"p_59","unstructured":"Weiskrantz L. 1986 Blindsight. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"p_60","unstructured":"Weiskrantz L. 1989 Blindsight. In Handbook of neuropsychology (ed. F. Boiler & J. Grafman) vol. 2 pp. 375-385. Amsterdam New York and Oxford: Elsevier Publishers."},{"key":"p_61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/97.1.709"},{"key":"p_62","first-page":"2","article-title":"The `psychological refractory period' and the timing of high speed performance: a review and a theory","volume":"43","author":"Welford A. T.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"p_63","first-page":"591","article-title":"The functional organization of projections from striate to prestriate visual cortex in the rhesus monkey. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant","volume":"15","author":"Zeki S. M.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biol."},{"key":"p_64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/274423a0"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/284412a0"},{"key":"p_66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(80)90085-8"},{"key":"p_67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237337"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(80)80057-X"},{"key":"p_69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/106.2.313"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.1990.0016","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/239\/1296\/247\/174456\/rspb.1990.0016.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article-pdf\/239\/1296\/247\/174456\/rspb.1990.0016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T05:11:58Z","timestamp":1767503518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rspb\/article\/239\/1296\/247\/34135\/The-Ferrier-Lecture-1989-Outlooks-for-blindsight"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,4,23]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1296","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,4,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1990.0016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0080-4649","2053-9193"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0080-4649","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9193","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,4,23]]}}}