{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:25:30Z","timestamp":1791311130786,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1460","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,7]]},"DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T23:58:30Z","timestamp":1027727910000},"page":"2351-2358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Molecular evidence supports an African affinity of the Neotropical freshwater gastropod,<i>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/i>, Say 1818, an intermediate host for<i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"267","author":[{"given":"Gillian","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Lockyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie R.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-4066(95)90034-9"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown D. S. 1994 Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance 2nd edn. London: Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(87)90028-X"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Combes C. 1990 Where do human schistosomes come from ? An evolutionary approach.Trends Ecol. Evol. 5 334^337.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(90)90181-C"},{"key":"p_5","article-title":"Snail hosts of Asian Schistosoma infecting man: evolution and co-evolution","volume":"2","author":"Davis G. M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Malacol. Rev. Suppl."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Despre s L. Imbert-Establet D. Combes C. & Bonhomme F. 1992 Molecular phylogeny linking hominoid evolution to recent radiation of schistosomes (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1 295^304.","DOI":"10.1016\/1055-7903(92)90005-2"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Despre s L. Imbert-Establet D. & Monnerot M. 1993 Molecular characterisation of mitochondrial DNA p rovides evidence for the recent introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into America. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 60 221^230.","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90133-I"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felsenstein J. 1985 Con\u00a2dence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39 783^791.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x"},{"key":"p_9","unstructured":"Felsenstein J. 1993 PHYLIP (p hylogeny inference package) v. 3.5c. Seattle WA: University of Washington."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Files V. S. 1951 A study of the vector^parasite relationships in Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 41 264^269.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000084092"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitch W. M. & Margoliash E. 1967 Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155 279^284.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.155.3760.279"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.406"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"Folmer O. Black M. Hoeh W. Lutz R. & Vrijenhoek R. 1994 DNA primers for ampli\u00a2cation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotech. 3 294^299."},{"key":"p_14","article-title":"Studies on the relationship between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. III. The genus Biomp halaria and Schistosoma mansoni from Egypt, Kenya, Uganda, West Indies and Zaire (two di\u00a1erent strains from Katanga and Kinshasha)","volume":"53","author":"Frandsen F.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"48","article-title":"Schistosomiasis vaccines: a devils' advocate view","volume":"16","author":"Gryseels B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol.Today"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)88427-7"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoeh W. R. Stewart D. T. Sutherland B. W. & Zouros E. 1996 Cytochrome c oxidase sequence comparisons suggest an unusually high rate of mitochondrial DNA evolution in Mytilus (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Mol. Biol. Evol. 13 418^421.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025600"},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Jaeger J. J. Tong H. & Denys C. 1986 The age of Mus^Rattus divergence: paleontological data comp ared with the molecular clock. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 302 917^922."},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones C. S. Lockyer A. E. Piertney S. B. Rollinson D. & Noble L. R. 1999 Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the freshwater gastrop od Biomp halaria glabrata an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni. Mol. Ecol. 8 2149^2151.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.1999.00802-5.x"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane R. A. & Rollinson D. 1994 Repetitive sequences in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer of Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma intercalatum and Schistosoma mattheii. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 63 153^156.","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90018-3"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581"},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Kristensen T. K. Raahauge P. & L\u00d6hr Wilken B. 1998 Species di\u00a1erentiation by random ampli\u00a2ed p olymorphic DNA (RAPD) in some African Biomphalaria sp ecies. In Proceedings of the workshop on medical malacology in Africa; Harare Zimbabwe (ed. H. Madsen C. C. Appleton & M. Chimbari) pp. 237^241. Charlottenlund Denmark: Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/65.1.133"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lardans V. & Dissous C. 1998 Snail control strategies for reduction of schistosomiasis transmission. Parasitol. Today 14 413^417.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(98)01320-9"},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Lowe J. J. & Walker M. J. C. 1997 Reconstructing quaternary environments 2nd edn. Harlow UK: Longman."},{"key":"p_27","unstructured":"Malek E. A. 1985 Snail hosts of schistosomiasis and other snail transmitted diseases in trop ical America: a manual publication no. 478. Washington DC: Pan-American Health Organization Scienti\u00a2c Publications."},{"key":"p_28","article-title":"A comparative morp hology of the genital system of some African sp ecies of Biomp halaria (Mollusca, Planorbidae)","volume":"32","author":"Mello D. A.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev. Brasil. de Biol."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Murphy R. W. Sites J. W. Buth D. G. & Hau\u00a3er C. H. 1996 Proteins: isoenzyme electrophoresis. In Molecular systematics 2nd edn (ed. D. M. Hillis C. Moritz & B. K. Mable) pp. 51^63. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates."},{"key":"p_30","first-page":"242","article-title":"The Tertiary non-marine Mollusca of South America","volume":"40","author":"Parodiz J. J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annls Carnegie Mus."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90167-5"},{"key":"p_32","first-page":"29","article-title":"Variation within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA genes of intermediate snail hosts within the genus Bulinus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)","volume":"61","author":"Stothard J. R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"ActaTropica"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strimmer K. & Von Haeseler A. 1996 Quartet puzzling: a quartet maximum likelihood method for reconstructing tree top ologies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13 964^969.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025664"},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Swo\u00a1ord D. L. 1996 PAUP * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods) v. 4.3c. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates."},{"key":"p_35","unstructured":"Swo\u00a1ord D. L. & Olsen G. L. 1990 Phylogeny reconstruction. In Molecular systematics (ed. D. M. Hillis & C. Moritz) pp. 411^501. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates."},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson J. D. Gibson T. J. Plewniak F. Jeanmougin F. & Higgins D. G. 1997 The CLUSTAL X windows interface: \u00a3exible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 25 4876^4882.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876"},{"key":"p_37","unstructured":"Van Damme D. 1984 Freshwater Mollusca of North Africa. Dordrecht The Netherlands: W. Junk Publishers."},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/61.4.455"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidigal T. H. D. A. Neto E. D. Carvalho O. S. & Simpson A. J. G. 1994 Biomphalaria glabrata: extensive genetic variation in Brazilian isolates revealed by random ampli\u00a2ed p olymorphic DNA analysis. Exp. Parasitol. 79 187^194.","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1078"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidigal T. H. D. A. Neto E. D. Sp atz L. Nunes D. N. Pries E. R. Simpson A. J. G. & Carvalho O. S. 1998 Genetic variability and identi\u00a2cation of the intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 93 103^101.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000700014"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuilleumier F. & Andors A. V. 1993 Avian biological relationships between Africa and South America. In: Biological relationships between Africa and South America (ed. P. Goldblatt) pp. 289^328. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt22726mc.15"},{"key":"p_42","first-page":"85","article-title":"The control of schistosomiasis","volume":"830","author":"WHO","year":"1993","journal-title":"WHO Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"p_43","article-title":"Neotropical schistosomiasis: African a\u00a4nities of the host snail Biomp halaria glabrata (Gastrop oda: Pulmonata)","volume":"60","author":"Woodru\u00a1 D. S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"p_44","article-title":"Biomphalaria glabrata: a new threat for schistosomiasis transmission in Egypt","volume":"26","author":"Yousif F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T23:34:24Z","timestamp":1621294464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1460","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2000.1291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2000.1291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8452","1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,7]]}}}