{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:26:54Z","timestamp":1791235614945,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1579","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,14]],"date-time":"2005-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The outcome of coevolutionary interactions is predicted to vary across landscapes depending on local conditions and levels of gene flow, with some populations evolving more extreme specializations than others. Using a globally distributed parasite of colonial seabirds, the tick\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes uriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we examined how host availability and geographic isolation influences this process. In particular, we sampled ticks from 30 populations of six different seabird host species, three in the Southern Hemisphere and three in the Northern Hemisphere. We show that parasite races have evolved independently on hosts of both hemispheres. Moreover, the degree of differentiation between tick races varied spatially within each region and suggests that the divergence of tick races is an ongoing process that has occurred multiple times across isolated areas. As\n                    <jats:italic>I. uriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is vector to the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:italic>\n                    , these results may have important consequence for the epidemiology of this disease. With the increased occurrence of novel interspecific interactions due to global change, these results also stress the importance of the combined effects of gene flow and selection for parasite diversification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,26]],"date-time":"2005-09-26T12:14:51Z","timestamp":1127736891000},"page":"2389-2395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Recurrent evolution of host-specialized races in a globally distributed parasite"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Karen D","family":"McCoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Queen's UniversityKingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, Universit\u00e9 Paris VI\u2014CNRS UMR 7103, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Chapuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of LausanneCH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, Universit\u00e9 Paris VI\u2014CNRS UMR 7103, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Tirard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, Universit\u00e9 Paris VI\u2014CNRS UMR 7103, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Boulinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.E.F.E.\u2014CNRSUMR 5175, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannis","family":"Michalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Evolution des Maladies InfectieusesIRD\u2014CNRS UMR 2724, IRD, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line Le","family":"Bohec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energ\u00e9tiquesUPR 9010 CNRS, Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvon Le","family":"Maho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energ\u00e9tiquesUPR 9010 CNRS, Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Gauthier-Clerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Station Biologique de la Tour du ValatLe Sambuc\u201413200 Arles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04345.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1969.tb03508.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Advances in disease vector research","author":"Chastel C","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/153.4.1989","article-title":"New methods employing multilocus genotypes to select or exclude populations as origins of individuals","volume":"153","author":"Cornuet J.-M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1554\/0014-3820(2001)055[0773:GEAHPP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00232-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3676695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000050402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","unstructured":"Guiguen C. 1988 Anthropozoonoses et oiseaux marins: contribution \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude des ectoparasites h\u00e9matophages des esp\u00e8ces nicheuses sur les c\u00f4tes fran\u00e7aises continentales et insulaires. Ph.D. thesis Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Marseille."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1999.tb03767.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.21.110190.001331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-048X.2003.02916.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Local adaptation of the ectoparasite Ixodes uriae to its seabird host","volume":"4","author":"McCoy K.D","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. 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