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In a first attempt to reconcile these two approaches, we developed a simple modelling framework where two strains of pathogens, defined by a pair of life-history traits (infectious period and infectivity), interfere through a given level of cross-immunity. We used whooping cough as a potential example, but the framework proposed here could be applied to other acute infectious diseases. Specifically, we analysed the effects of these parameters on the invasion dynamics of one strain into a population, where the second strain is endemic. Whereas the deterministic version of the model converges towards stable coexistence of the two strains in most cases, stochastic simulations showed that transient epidemic dynamics can cause the extinction of either strain. Thus ecological dynamics, modulated by the immune parameters, eventually determine the adaptive value of different pathogen genotypes. We advocate an integrative view of pathogen dynamics at the crossroads of immunology, epidemiology and evolution, as a way towards efficient control of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,9]],"date-time":"2005-11-09T19:27:01Z","timestamp":1131564421000},"page":"409-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Integrating life history and cross-immunity into the evolutionary dynamics of pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Olivier","family":"Restif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of CambridgeMadingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan T","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, 208, Mueller Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/280361a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000055360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1986.0072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson R.M& May R.M Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. 1991 Oxford UK:Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002850050079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"Bailey N.T.J The mathematical theory of infectious diseases. 2nd edn 1975 London:Griffin."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2985327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3100023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(83)90438-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315881"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00276314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)00003-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00072-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00071-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00074-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414751a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100540a008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252512799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002850100120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1830296100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754883.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414716a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00013-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.12.006","article-title":"Sequence variation in pertussis S1 subunit toxin and pertussis genes in Bordetella pertussis strains used for the whole-cell pertussis vaccine produced in Poland since 1960. 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