{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:52:47Z","timestamp":1791283967703,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1614","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]],"date-time":"2007-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1173139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Stress generated by humans on wildlife by continuous development of outdoor recreational activities is of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation. Human disturbance often adds to other negative impact factors affecting the dynamics of vulnerable populations. It is not known to which extent the rapidly spreading free-riding snow sports actually elicit detrimental stress (allostatic overload) upon wildlife, nor what the potential associated fitness and survival costs are. Using a non-invasive technique, we evaluated the physiological stress response induced by free-riding snow sports on a declining bird species of Alpine ecosystems. The results of a field experiment in which radiomonitored black grouse (\n            <jats:italic>Tetrao tetrix<\/jats:italic>\n            ) were actively flushed from their snow burrows once a day during four consecutive days showed an increase in the concentration of faecal stress hormone (corticosterone) metabolites after disturbance. A large-scale comparative analysis across the southwestern Swiss Alps indicated that birds had higher levels of these metabolites in human-disturbed versus undisturbed habitats. Disturbance by snow sport free-riders appears to elevate stress, which potentially represents a new serious threat for wildlife. The fitness and survival costs of allostatic adjustments have yet to be estimated.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.0434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,8]],"date-time":"2007-03-08T15:21:20Z","timestamp":1173367280000},"page":"1219-1224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"274","author":[{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Arlettaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Division of Conservation Biology, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Ornithological InstituteValais Field Station, Nature Centre, 3970 Salgesch, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Patthey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Division of Conservation Biology, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjana","family":"Baltic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Division of Conservation Biology, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Leu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Division of Conservation Biology, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Division of Conservation Biology, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute6204 Sempach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Palme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Veterinary MedicineVienna; Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Jenni-Eiermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ornithological Institute6204 Sempach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1343.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60370-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"Ingold P Freizeitaktivit\u00e4ten im Lebensraum der Alpentiere. 2004 Bern Switzerland:Haupt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Quality control in clinical endocrinology","author":"Joyce G","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1343.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"Maindonald J.H& Braun J Data analysis and graphics using R: an example-based approach. 2003 New York NY:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"Marchand P.J Life in the cold: an introduction to winter ecology. 1996 Hanover NH:University Press of New England."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.57.1.30155972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2003.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0018-506X(02)00024-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(02)00146-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2003.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Zur Winter\u00f6kologie des Birkhuhns Tetrao tetrix in den Schweizer Alpen","volume":"71","author":"Pauli H.R","year":"1974","journal-title":"Orn. 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