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Using the honeybee (<jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>), we tested the hypothesis that polyandry improves a colony's resistance to disease. We established colonies headed by queens that had been artificially inseminated by either one or 10 drones. Later, we inoculated these colonies with spores of<jats:italic>Paenibacillus larvae<\/jats:italic>, the bacterium that causes a highly virulent disease of honeybee larvae (American foulbrood). We found that, on average, colonies headed by multiple-drone inseminated queens had markedly lower disease intensity and higher colony strength at the end of the summer relative to colonies headed by single-drone inseminated queens. These findings support the hypothesis that polyandry by social insect queens is an adaptation to counter disease within their colonies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,29]],"date-time":"2006-09-29T15:18:19Z","timestamp":1159543099000},"page":"67-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Queen promiscuity lowers disease within honeybee colonies"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"274","author":[{"given":"Thomas D","family":"Seeley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R","family":"Tarpy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/16451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00411.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"284","article-title":"Resistance to American foulbrood in honeybees. 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