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As the risk of virus transmission depends on the prevalence of LPAI in host-reservoir systems, there is an urgent need for understanding how host ecology, life history and behaviour can affect virus prevalence in the wild. To test for the most important ecological correlates of LPAI virus prevalence at the interspecific level, we applied a comparative analysis by using quantitative data on 30 bird species. We controlled for similarity among species due to common descent, differences in study effort and for covariance among ecological variables. We found that LPAI prevalence is a species-specific attribute and is a consequence of virus susceptibility, as it was negatively associated with the relative size of the bursa of Fabricius, an estimate of juvenile immune function. Species that migrate long distances have elevated prevalence of LPAI independent of phylogeny and other confounding factors. There was also a positive interspecific relationship between the frequency of surface feeding and virus prevalence, but this was sensitive to phylogenetic relatedness of species. Feeding in marine habitats is apparently associated with lower virus prevalence, but the effect of water salinity is likely to be indirect and affected by phylogeny. Our results imply that virus transmission via surface waters and frequent intra- and interspecific contacts during long migration are the major risk factors of avian influenza in the wild. However, the link between exploitation of surface waters and LPAI prevalence appears to be weaker than previously thought. This is the first interspecific study that provides statistical evidence that host ecology, immunity and phylogeny have important consequence for virus prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.0124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]],"date-time":"2007-05-31T18:14:53Z","timestamp":1180635293000},"page":"2003-2012","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Prevalence of avian influenza and host ecology"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"274","author":[{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Zsolt","family":"Garamszegi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of AntwerpCampus Drie Eiken Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders Pape","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie CurieCNRS UMR 7103, B\u00e2timent A, 7\u00e8me \u00e9tage, 7 quai St Bernard, Case 237, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12559.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00160-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.2.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.050644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett P.M& Owens I.P.F Evolutionary ecology of birds. 2002 Oxford UK:Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198510888.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"823","article-title":"Factors influencing the dutch size, number of broods and annual fecundity of North American and European land birds","volume":"2","author":"B\u00f6hning-Gaese K","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evol. 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