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Here, we present evidence that a diverse set of species can play an important role in determining disease risk to humans using Lyme disease as a model. Host-targeted public health strategies to control the Lyme disease epidemic in North America have focused on interrupting<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>ss<\/jats:italic>) transmission between blacklegged ticks and the putative dominant reservoir species, white-footed mice. However,<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi ss<\/jats:italic>infects more than a dozen vertebrate species, any of which could transmit the pathogen to feeding ticks and increase the density of infected ticks and Lyme disease risk. Using genetic and ecological data, we demonstrate that mice are neither the primary host for ticks nor the primary reservoir for<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi ss<\/jats:italic>, feeding 10% of all ticks and 25% of<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>-infected ticks. Inconspicuous shrews feed 35% of all ticks and 55% of infected ticks. Because several important host species influence Lyme disease risk, interventions directed at a multiple host species will be required to control this epidemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,26]],"date-time":"2007-11-26T13:21:20Z","timestamp":1196083280000},"page":"227-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Conspicuous impacts of inconspicuous hosts on the Lyme disease epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Dustin","family":"Brisson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaLeidy Laboratories, 326, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E","family":"Dykhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S","family":"Ostfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecosystem StudiesBox AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31852.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00014-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063659909477242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.4.740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Short-tailed Shrews (Blarina brevicauda) exhibit unusual behavior in an urban environment","volume":"4","author":"Brack V","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Hab"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.028738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Lyme disease\u2014United States, 2001\u20132002","volume":"53","author":"CDC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Morb. 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