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B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The vulnerability of the human brain to injury following just a few minutes of oxygen deprivation with submergence contrasts markedly with diving mammals, such as Weddell seals (<jats:italic>Leptonychotes weddellii<\/jats:italic>), which can remain underwater for more than 90\u200amin while exhibiting no neurological or behavioural impairment. This response occurs despite exposure to blood oxygen levels concomitant with human unconsciousness. To determine whether such aquatic lifestyles result in unique adaptations for avoiding ischaemic\u2013hypoxic neural damage, we measured the presence of circulating (haemoglobin) and resident (neuroglobin and cytoglobin) oxygen-carrying globins in the cerebral cortex of 16 mammalian species considered terrestrial, swimming or diving specialists. Here we report a striking difference in globin levels depending on activity lifestyle. A nearly 9.5-fold range in haemoglobin concentration (0.17\u20131.62\u200ag Hb 100\u200ag brain wet wt<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) occurred between terrestrial and deep-diving mammals; a threefold range in resident globins was evident between terrestrial and swimming specialists. Together, these two globin groups provide complementary mechanisms for facilitating oxygen transfer into neural tissues and the potential for protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen groups. This enables marine mammals to maintain sensory and locomotor neural functions during prolonged submergence, and suggests new avenues for averting oxygen-mediated neural injury in the mammalian brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,20]],"date-time":"2007-12-20T14:54:00Z","timestamp":1198162440000},"page":"751-758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Running, swimming and diving modifies neuroprotecting globins in the mammalian brain"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Terrie M","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Ocean Health-Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Zavanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Santa CruzSanta Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"&gt;Department of Spill Prevention and Response, California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center1451 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Goldbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa CruzSanta Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Morledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Santa CruzSanta Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Casper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Ocean Health-Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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