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Our aim was to test the hypothesis that behavioural changes would reliably precede clinical signs of disease in a progressive neurological model, using retrospective analysis. We observed 100 pair-housed female R6\/1 transgenic Huntington's disease (HD) mice and 28 pair-housed female wild-type (WT) mice in standard- or resource-enriched cages. Disease progression was monitored until one member of each HD pair reached a pre-defined end point based on pathological symptoms (HD end). This mouse was then euthanized together with its cage mate (HD other) and any matched WT pairs. At euthanasia, HD mice had significantly greater absolute and relative organ weights, and significantly higher \u03b11 acid glycoprotein concentrations than WT mice, indicating reduced welfare. HD mice initially showed significantly greater use of cage resources than WT mice but this declined progressively. Steeper declines, and earlier cessation, in the use of some climbing and exploration resources occurred in the HD end mice compared with the HD other mice. Behavioural change can be an early indicator of disease onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,7]],"date-time":"2008-05-07T01:07:00Z","timestamp":1210122420000},"page":"1865-1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Towards humane end points: behavioural changes precede clinical signs of disease in a Huntington's disease model"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Littin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Group, Ministry of Agriculture and ForestryPO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC HarwellOxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of BristolLangford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Edgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of BristolLangford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Mendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of BristolLangford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Science LaboratoryYork YO41 1LZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Sherwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of BristolLangford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanno","family":"W\u00fcrbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of GiessenGiessen 35390, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of BristolLangford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(97)00508-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15794-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00409-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"R1998","article-title":"Evidence that brief stress may induce the acute phase response in rats","volume":"273","author":"Deak T","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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