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Here, we develop a population-genetic model for the coevolution of costly male belligerence and bravery when war occurs between groups of individuals in a spatially subdivided population. Belligerence is assumed to increase an actor's group probability of trying to conquer another group. An actor's bravery is assumed to increase his group's ability to conquer an attacked group. We show that the selective pressure on these two traits can be substantial even in groups of large size, and that they may be driven by two independent reproduction-enhancing resources: additional mates for males and additional territory (or material resources) for females. This has consequences for our understanding of the evolution of intertribal interactions, as hunter-gatherer societies are well known to have frequently raided neighbouring groups from whom they appropriated territory, goods and women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,2]],"date-time":"2008-09-02T21:14:54Z","timestamp":1220390094000},"page":"2877-2885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["War and the evolution of belligerence and bravery"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Laurent","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus W","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05449.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Boyd R& Richerson P.J Culture and the evolutionary process. 1985 Chicago IL:University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalli-Sforza L& Feldman M.W Cultural transmission and evolution. 1981 Princeton NJ:Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691209357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.239.4843.985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/163.1.421","article-title":"A diffusion approximation for selection and drift in a subdivided population","volume":"163","author":"Cherry J.L","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144237"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.296.5565.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/409471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(72)90003-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(83)90201-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818300033324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Frank S.A Foundations of social evolution. 1998 Princeton NJ:Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1999.0994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01104.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"Gillespie J.H Population genetics: a concise guide. 2004 Baltimore MD; London UK:Johns Hopkins."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(64)90038-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2281218a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Man and beast: comparative social behavior","author":"Hamilton W.D","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Biosocal anthropology","author":"Hamilton W.D","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3211920"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00211.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01193.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01132.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","unstructured":"Maynard-Smith J Evolution and the theory of games. 1982 Cambridge MA:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/288694a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richerson P.J& Boyd R Not by genes alone. 2005 Chicago IL:University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226712130.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousset F Genetic structure and selection in subdivided populations. 2004 Princeton NJ:Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400847242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/497543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2007.00279.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","unstructured":"Sun-Tzu 6th century BC. 2005 The art of war . 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