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Olfactory ratios (i.e. the ratio of the greatest diameter of the olfactory bulb to the greatest diameter of the cerebral hemisphere) are analysed in order to infer the olfactory acuity and behavioural traits in theropods, as well as to identify phylogenetic trends in olfaction within Theropoda. A phylogenetically corrected regression of olfactory ratio to body mass reveals that, relative to predicted values, the olfactory bulbs of (i) tyrannosaurids and dromaeosaurids are significantly larger, (ii) ornithomimosaurs and oviraptorids are significantly smaller, and (iii) ceratosaurians, allosauroids, basal tyrannosauroids, troodontids and basal birds are within the 95% CI. Relative to other theropods, olfactory acuity was high in tyrannosaurids and dromaeosaurids and therefore olfaction would have played an important role in their ecology, possibly for activities in low-light conditions, locating food, or for navigation within large home ranges. Olfactory acuity was the lowest in ornithomimosaurs and oviraptorids, suggesting a reduced reliance on olfaction and perhaps an omnivorous diet in these theropods. Phylogenetic trends in olfaction among theropods reveal that olfactory acuity did not decrease in the ancestry of birds, as troodontids, dromaeosaurids and primitive birds possessed typical or high olfactory acuity. Thus, the sense of smell must have remained important in primitive birds and its presumed decrease associated with the increased importance of sight did not occur until later among more derived birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,29]],"date-time":"2008-10-29T01:25:24Z","timestamp":1225243524000},"page":"667-673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Olfactory acuity in theropods: palaeobiological and evolutionary implications"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Darla K","family":"Zelenitsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoscience, University of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Therrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoscience, University of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"},{"name":"Royal Tyrrell Museum of PalaeontologyDrumheller, Alberta, Canada T0J 0Y0"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitsugu","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido UniversityN10 W8 Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2008)28[123:HOTECO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the olfactory system in 23 orders of birds","volume":"79","author":"Bang B.G","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Form and function in birds","author":"Bang B.G","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2005.00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia","volume":"19","author":"Barsbold R","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. 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