{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T01:04:34Z","timestamp":1791162274151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1662","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]],"date-time":"2009-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1232409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Global biodiversity loss and disease emergence are two of the most challenging issues confronting science and society. Recently, observed linkages between species-loss and vector-borne infections suggest that biodiversity may help reduce pathogenic infections in humans and wildlife, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship and its applicability to a broader range of pathogens have remained speculative. Here, we experimentally evaluated the effects of host community structure on transmission of the human pathogen,\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which alternates between snail intermediate hosts and vertebrate definitive hosts. By manipulating parasite exposure and community diversity, we show that heterospecific communities cause a 25\u201350 per cent reduction in infection among snail hosts (\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Infected snails raised alongside non-host snails (\n                    <jats:italic>Lymnaea<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Helisoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.) also produced 60\u201380 per cent fewer cercariae, suggesting that diverse communities could reduce human infection risk. Because focal host density was held constant during experiments, decreases in transmission resulted entirely from diversity-mediated pathways. Finally, the decrease in infection in mixed-species communities led to an increase in reproductive output by hosts, representing a novel example of parasite-mediated facilitation. Our results underscore the significance of community structure on transmission of complex life-cycle pathogens, and we emphasize enhanced integration between ecological and parasitological research on the diversity\u2013disease relationship.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]],"date-time":"2009-03-23T14:58:24Z","timestamp":1237820304000},"page":"1657-1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Community diversity reduces\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    transmission, host pathology and human infection risk"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Pieter T.J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoRamaley N122, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peder J","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B","family":"Hartson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin2115 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Infectious disease ecology: effects of ecosystems on disease and of disease on ecosystems","author":"Begon M","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000055335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3277073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3278017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"A review of the influence of host- and parasite-related factors and environmental conditions on the host-finding capacity of the trematode miracidium","volume":"37","author":"Christensen N.\u00d8","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","unstructured":"Collinge S.K& Ray C. 2006 Oxford UK:Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AECO.0000021018.20945.9d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01037.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elton C.S The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. 1958 London UK:Muehuen.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7214-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"Effect of Helisoma duryi on the survival, growth and cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"55","author":"Frandsen F","year":"1977","journal-title":"B. 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