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Young songbirds gradually transform primitive unstructured vocalizations (subsong, akin to human babbling) into complex, stereotyped sequences of syllables that constitute adult song. In comparison with birdsong, territorial and mating calls of vocal non-learner species are thought to exhibit little change during development. We revisited this issue using the crowing behaviour of domestic Japanese quail (<jats:italic>Coturnix coturnix japonica<\/jats:italic>). Crowing activity was continuously recorded in young males maintained in social isolation from the age of three weeks to four months. We observed developmental changes in crow structure, both the temporal and the spectral levels. Speed and trajectories of these developmental changes exhibited an unexpected high inter-individual variability. Mechanisms used by quails to transform sounds during ontogeny resemble those described in oscines during the sensorimotor phase of song learning. Studies on vocal non-learners could shed light on the specificity and evolution of vocal learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]],"date-time":"2009-03-19T00:25:49Z","timestamp":1237422349000},"page":"2153-2162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Dynamics of crowing development in the domestic Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Der\u00e9gnaucourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for OrnithologyPostfach 1564, 82305 Starnberg (Seewiesen), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigal","family":"Saar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New YorkNew York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Gahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for OrnithologyPostfach 1564, 82305 Starnberg (Seewiesen), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"On the bioacoustics of the breaking of the birds' voice","volume":"84","author":"Abs M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Zool. 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