{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:31:10Z","timestamp":1791307870346,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1666","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The processes that drive the evolution of snake venom variability, particularly the role of diet, have been a topic of intense recent research interest. Here, we test whether extensive variation in venom composition in the medically important viper genus\n            <jats:italic>Echis<\/jats:italic>\n            is associated with shifts in diet. Examination of stomach and hindgut contents revealed extreme variation between the major clades of\n            <jats:italic>Echis<\/jats:italic>\n            in the proportion of arthropod prey consumed. The toxicity (median lethal dose, LD\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of representative\n            <jats:italic>Echis<\/jats:italic>\n            venoms to a natural scorpion prey species was found to be strongly associated with the degree of arthropod feeding. Mapping the results onto a novel\n            <jats:italic>Echis<\/jats:italic>\n            phylogeny generated from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data revealed two independent instances of coevolution of venom toxicity and diet. Unlike venom LD\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            , the speed with which venoms incapacitated and killed scorpions was not associated with the degree of arthropod feeding. The prey-specific venom toxicity of arthropod-feeding\n            <jats:italic>Echis<\/jats:italic>\n            may thus be adaptive primarily by reducing venom expenditure. Overall, our results provide strong evidence that variation in snake venom composition results from adaptive evolution driven by natural selection for different diets, and underscores the need for a multi-faceted, integrative approach to the study of the causes of venom evolution.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T00:25:31Z","timestamp":1238631931000},"page":"2443-2449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":267,"title":["Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake venom evolution"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Axel","family":"Barlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor UniversityBangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharine E.","family":"Pook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor UniversityBangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical MedicinePembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"W\u00fcster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor UniversityBangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"Relationship of venom ontogeny and diet in Bothrops","volume":"55","author":"Andrade D.V.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-7610-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Taxonomic review of the snake genus Echis (Viperidae). 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