{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:20:17Z","timestamp":1791235217680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1675","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological theory traditionally predicts that interspecific competition selects for an increase in ecological specialization. Specialization, in turn, is often thought to be an evolutionary \u2018dead end,\u2019 with specialist lineages unlikely to evolve into generalist lineages. In host\u2013parasite systems, this specialization can take the form of host specificity, with more specialized parasites using fewer hosts. We tested the hypothesis that specialists are evolutionarily more derived, and whether competition favours specialization, using the ectoparasitic feather lice of doves. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that complete host specificity is actually the ancestral condition, with generalists repeatedly evolving from specialist ancestors. These multiple origins of generalists are correlated with the presence of potentially competing species of the same genus. A competition experiment with captive doves and lice confirmed that congeneric species of lice do, in fact, have the potential to compete in ecological time. Taken together, these results suggest that interspecific competition can favour the evolution of host generalists, not specialists, over macroevolutionary time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T00:30:20Z","timestamp":1251333020000},"page":"3921-3926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Competition promotes the evolution of host generalists in obligate parasites"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jael R.","family":"Malenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale H.","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01853.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2007.01353.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1799.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/30.2.251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198577386.003.0014","volume-title":"Bird\u2013parasite interactions: ecology, evolution, and behaviour","author":"Clayton D. 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