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Under these conditions, males are expected to be more eager to mate, whereas females are expected to be choosier. Here we hypothesize that the sex allocation, i.e. the reproductive investment devoted to the male versus female function, can be an important predictor of the mating strategy in simultaneous hermaphrodites. We argue that within-species variation in sex allocation can cause differences in the proportional fitness gain derived through each sex function. Individuals should therefore adjust their mating strategy in a way that is more beneficial to the sex function that is relatively more pronounced. To test this, we experimentally manipulated the sex allocation in a simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm and investigated whether this affects the mating behaviour. The results demonstrate that individuals with a more male-biased sex allocation (i.e. relatively large testes and small ovaries) are more eager to mate compared with individuals with a more female-biased sex allocation (i.e. relatively small testes and large ovaries). We argue that this pattern is comparable to conventional gender roles in separate-sexed organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]],"date-time":"2009-09-10T00:25:20Z","timestamp":1252542320000},"page":"4247-4253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Sex allocation predicts mating rate in a simultaneous hermaphrodite"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Janicke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel 4051, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Sch\u00e4rer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel 4051, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Algal culturing techniques","author":"Andersen R. 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