{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:06:45Z","timestamp":1782943605006,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1701","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,14]],"date-time":"2010-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have linked climatic and social instabilities in ancient China; the underlying causal mechanisms have, however, often not been quantitatively assessed. Here, using historical records and palaeoclimatic reconstructions during AD 10\u20131900, we demonstrate that war frequency, price of rice, locust plague, drought frequency, flood frequency and temperature in China show two predominant periodic bands around 160 and 320 years where they interact significantly with each other. Temperature cooling shows direct positive association with the frequency of external aggression war to the Chinese dynasties mostly from the northern pastoral nomadic societies, and indirect positive association with the frequency of internal war within the Chinese dynasties through drought and locust plagues. The collapses of the agricultural dynasties of the Han, Tang, Song and Ming are more closely associated with low temperature. Our study suggests that food production during the last two millennia has been more unstable during cooler periods, resulting in more social conflicts owing to rebellions within the dynasties or\/and southward aggressions from northern pastoral nomadic societies in ancient China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]],"date-time":"2010-07-15T00:14:43Z","timestamp":1279152883000},"page":"3745-3753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Periodic climate cooling enhanced natural disasters and wars in China during AD 10\u20131900"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huidong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Cazelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7625, UPMC-CNRS-ENS, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France"},{"name":"UMI 209, IRD-UPMC, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93142 Bondy cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyrre L.","family":"Kausrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern 0316, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Br\u00e4uning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Geography, Kochstrasse 4\/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of World History, The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100732, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Chr","family":"Stenseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern 0316, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2700190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-0993-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"Outbreaks of locusts recorded in Chinese literatures","volume":"5","author":"Chen J.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Bull. 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