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Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic parasites can have severe impacts on host survival, thereby altering the selection regime and inducing evolutionary responses in their hosts. Knowledge about such evolutionary consequences in natural populations is critical to mitigate potential ecological and economic effects. However, studies on pathogen-induced trait changes are scarce and the pace of evolutionary change is largely unknown, particularly in vertebrates. Here, we use a time series from long-term monitoring of perch to estimate temporal trends in the maturation schedule before and after a severe pathogen outbreak. We show that the disease induced a phenotypic change from a previously increasing to a decreasing size at maturation, the most important life-history transition in animals. Evolutionary rates imposed by the pathogen were high and comparable to those reported for populations exposed to intense human harvesting. Pathogens thus represent highly potent drivers of adaptive phenotypic evolution in vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,29]],"date-time":"2010-07-29T02:48:11Z","timestamp":1280371691000},"page":"35-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pathogen-induced rapid evolution in a vertebrate life-history trait"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Ohlberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Langangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Edeline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC-Paris 6, UMR (CNRS) 7618, Laboratoire Biog\u00e9ochimie et Ecologie des Milieux Continentaux, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben Moland","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, Fl\u00f8devigen, 4817 His, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Winfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice M.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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