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The implant contains an array of 1500 active microphotodiodes (\u2018chip\u2019), each with its own amplifier and local stimulation electrode. At the implant's tip, another array of 16 wire-connected electrodes allows light-independent direct stimulation and testing of the neuron\u2013electrode interface. Visual scenes are projected naturally through the eye's lens onto the chip under the transparent retina. The chip generates a corresponding pattern of 38 \u00d7 40 pixels, each releasing light-intensity-dependent electric stimulation pulses. Subsequently, three previously blind persons could locate bright objects on a dark table, two of whom could discern grating patterns. One of these patients was able to correctly describe and name objects like a fork or knife on a table, geometric patterns, different kinds of fruit and discern shades of grey with only 15 per cent contrast. Without a training period, the regained visual functions enabled him to localize and approach persons in a room freely and to read large letters as complete words after several years of blindness. These results demonstrate for the first time that subretinal micro-electrode arrays with 1500 photodiodes can create detailed meaningful visual perception in previously blind individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,3]],"date-time":"2010-11-03T20:36:01Z","timestamp":1288816561000},"page":"1489-1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":650,"title":["Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"Eberhart","family":"Zrenner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University of T\u00fcbingen, Schleichstr. 12, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Ulrich","family":"Bartz-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, 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