{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T20:54:04Z","timestamp":1791060844886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1716","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,22]],"date-time":"2010-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1292976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Onchocerca ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n            , a filarial parasite of cattle, represents the closest relative of the human pathogen,\n            <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n            . Both species harbour\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            endosymbionts and are remarkable in that adult female worms remain viable but sessile for many years while surrounded by host cells and antibodies. The basis of the symbiosis between filariae and\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            is thought to be metabolic, although a role for\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            in immune evasion has received little attention. Neutrophils are attracted to\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            , but following antibiotic chemotherapy they are replaced by eosinophils that degranulate on the worm cuticle. However, it is unclear whether the eosinophils are involved in parasite killing or if they are attracted secondarily to dying worms. In this study, cattle infected with\n            <jats:italic>Onchocerca ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n            received adulticidal regimens of oxytetracycline or melarsomine. In contrast to oxytetracycline, melarsomine did not directly affect\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            viability. Eosinophil degranulation increased significantly only in the oxytetracycline group; whereas nodular gene expression of bovine neutrophilic chemokines was lowest in this group. Moreover, intense eosinophil degranulation was initially associated with worm vitality, not degeneration. Taken together, these data offer strong support for the hypothesis that\n            <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n            confers longevity on\n            <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n            through a defensive mutualism, which diverts a potentially lethal effector cell response.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.2367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,23]],"date-time":"2010-12-23T01:32:18Z","timestamp":1293067938000},"page":"2293-2302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A worm's best friend: recruitment of neutrophils by\n            <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n            confounds eosinophil degranulation against the filarial nematode\n            <i>Onchocerca ochengi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"Rowena D. E.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, School of Veterinary Science and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Trees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, School of Veterinary Science and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germanus S.","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Regional Centre of Wakwa, Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, BP 65 Adamawa Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, School of Veterinary Science and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USM 307 Parasitologie Compar\u00e9e et Mod\u00e8les Exp\u00e9rimentaux, Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 Rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USM 307 Parasitologie Compar\u00e9e et Mod\u00e8les Exp\u00e9rimentaux, Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 Rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent N.","family":"Tanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Regional Centre of Wakwa, Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, BP 65 Adamawa Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, School of Veterinary Science and Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01110.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911476107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328315cde7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1994012141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/462426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01399-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601385103"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"367","article-title":"Proposed form to evaluate some histological aspects of macrofilarial morphology, its age dependent alterations and drug related changes in nodules of Onchocerca volvulus and O. gibsoni","volume":"39","author":"Striebel H. 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