{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:10:09Z","timestamp":1791007809345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1720","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,16]],"date-time":"2011-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The distribution of vector meals in the host community is an important element of understanding and predicting vector-borne disease risk. Lizards (such as the western fence lizard;\n                    <jats:italic>Sceloporus occidentalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) play a unique role in Lyme disease ecology in the far-western United States. Lizards rather than mammals serve as the blood meal hosts for a large fraction of larval and nymphal western black-legged ticks (\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014the vector for Lyme disease in that region) but are not competent reservoirs for the pathogen,\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Prior studies have suggested that the net effect of lizards is to reduce risk of human exposure to Lyme disease, a hypothesis that we tested experimentally. Following experimental removal of lizards, we documented incomplete host switching by larval ticks (5.19%) from lizards to other hosts. Larval tick burdens increased on woodrats, a competent reservoir, but not on deer mice, a less competent pathogen reservoir. However, most larvae failed to find an alternate host. This resulted in significantly lower densities of nymphal ticks the following year. Unexpectedly, the removal of reservoir-incompetent lizards did not cause an increase in nymphal tick infection prevalence. The net result of lizard removal was a decrease in the density of infected nymphal ticks, and therefore a decreased risk to humans of Lyme disease. Our results indicate that an incompetent reservoir for a pathogen may, in fact, increase disease risk through the maintenance of higher vector density and therefore, higher density of infected vectors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.2402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,16]],"date-time":"2011-02-16T16:55:30Z","timestamp":1297875330000},"page":"2970-2978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Impact of the experimental removal of lizards on Lyme disease risk"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Swei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Ostfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl J.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2269360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1047.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20132006","volume":"57","author":"CDC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/02-3125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Integrative Biology,","author":"Swei A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8503006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.1.52"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/23.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1604318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2005)042[0388:WGSRSA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2106.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020911306291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[1223:ACSOMA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"295","article-title":"The roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick Ixodes pacificus","volume":"29","author":"Eisen L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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