{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:47:31Z","timestamp":1782168451118,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1736","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]],"date-time":"2012-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A controversial body of literature demonstrates associations of geomagnetic storms (GMS) with numerous cardiovascular, psychiatric and behavioural outcomes. Various\n            <jats:italic>melatonin hypotheses<\/jats:italic>\n            of GMS have suggested that temporal variation in the geomagnetic field (GMF) may be acting as an additional\n            <jats:italic>zeitgeber<\/jats:italic>\n            (a temporal synchronizer) for circadian rhythms, with GMS somehow interfering with the hypothesized system. The cryptochrome genes are known primarily as key components of the circadian pacemaker, ultimately involved in controlling the expression of the hormone melatonin. Cryptochrome is identified as a clear candidate for mediating the effect of GMS on humans, demonstrating the prior existence of several crucial pieces of evidence. A distinct scientific literature demonstrates the widespread use of geomagnetic information for navigation across a range of taxa. One mechanism of magnetoreception is thought to involve a light-dependent retinal molecular system mediated by cryptochrome, acting in a distinct functionality to its established role as a circadian oscillator. There is evidence suggesting that such a magnetosense\u2014or at least the vestiges of it\u2014may exist in humans. This paper argues that cryptochrome is not acting as secondary geomagnetic zeitgeber to influence melatonin synthesis. Instead, it is hypothesized that the cryptochrome compass system is mediating stress responses more broadly across the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis (including alterations to circadian behaviour) in response to changes in the GMF. Two conceptual models are outlined for the existence of such responses\u2014the first as a generalized migrational\/dispersal strategy, the second as a stress response to unexpected signals to the magnetosense. It is therefore proposed that GMS lead to disorientation of hormonal systems in animals and humans, thus explaining the effects of GMS on human health and behaviour.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.0324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]],"date-time":"2012-03-14T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1331716480000},"page":"2081-2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Are stress responses to geomagnetic storms mediated by the cryptochrome compass system?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Close","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Isis Green, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"314","volume-title":"Magnetic orientation in migratory songbirds","author":"Muheim R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/3705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1524\/zpch.1978.111.1.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76629-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0411.focus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405968101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00975111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80105-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.08.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/301078a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(99)00308-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krivelyova A.& Robotti C.. 2003 Playing the field: geomagnetic storms and the stock market. Working paper 2003-5a Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.375702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-006-9010-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-186X(200101)22:1<27::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"The terrestrial echo of solar storms","author":"Chizhevsky A.","year":"1936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/259302a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/283111c0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/281564a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2006.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2007.08.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(02)00032-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00305-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(04)80003-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.3.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"844","article-title":"[Medico-biological effect of natural electromagnetic variations]","volume":"43","author":"Oraevski\u0131\u030c V. N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00306-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-009-9214-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7030938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2010.0574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1997.84.2.395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","volume-title":"Extremely low frequency fields","author":"WHO","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"S57","article-title":"Geomagnetic activity influences the melatonin secretion at latitude 70 degrees N","volume":"55","author":"Weydahl A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"111","volume-title":"The Melatonin hypothesis: electric power and the risk of breast cancer","author":"Phillips J. B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and clock genes in psychotic disorders","volume":"47","author":"Lamont E. W.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-690X(03)0016-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.2000.0202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"632","article-title":"Magnetic storms as a stress factor","volume":"43","author":"Rapoport S. I.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effects of disturbances of natural magnetic field of the Earth on melatonin production in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"75","author":"Rapoport S. I.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Klin Med. (Mosk)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90670-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91598-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.2400510403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90350-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.1994.10.3-4.171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90552-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890903485748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00773.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(05)80006-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"The first experience in application of melatonin (melaxen) for prophylaxis of the effects of magnetic storms on patients with cardiovascular pathology","volume":"85","author":"Rapoport S. I.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Klin Med. (Mosk)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.08.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03_0303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.46.313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/22450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200002000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015637127504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-9004-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/222564a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1996)17:2<100::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.06.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00457-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420529409057227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-009-0415-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"Dispersal\u2013migration","volume":"17","author":"DeMarch B. G. E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-0985-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.033332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.020792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00610581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-008-0172-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-006-0169-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00610108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2004.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","first-page":"819","article-title":"Effect of geomagnetic activity on the functional status of the body","volume":"43","author":"Oraevski\u0131\u030c V. N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459609000617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Effect of geomagnetic activity on cardiovascular parameters","volume":"2","author":"Stoupel E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Basic Cardiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JBCPP.2006.17.4.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811194106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1996.82.2.619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","first-page":"426","article-title":"Effects of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland","volume":"50","author":"Welker H. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90052.D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00303-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450590901521"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.0324","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.0324","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.0324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T07:08:18Z","timestamp":1613632098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.0324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1736","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2012.0324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.0324","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8452","1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-02-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-02-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-03-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}