{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:24:31Z","timestamp":1791325471706,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1741","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetrapods possess up to five morphologically distinct vertebral series: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. The evolution of axial regionalization has been linked to derived<jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>expression patterns during development and the demands of weight-bearing and walking on land. These evolutionary and functional explanations are supported by an absence of similar traits in fishes, living and extinct. Here, I show that,<jats:italic>Tarrasius problematicus<\/jats:italic>, a marine ray-finned fish from the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous; 359\u2013318 Ma) of Scotland, is the first non-tetrapod known to possess tetrapod-like axial regionalization.<jats:italic>Tarrasius<\/jats:italic>exhibits five vertebral regions, including a seven-vertebrae \u2018cervical\u2019 series and a reinforced \u2018sacrum\u2019 over the pelvic area. Most vertebrae possess processes for intervertebral contact similar to tetrapod zygapophyses. The fully aquatic<jats:italic>Tarrasius<\/jats:italic>evolved these morphologies alongside other traits convergent with early tetrapods, including a naked trunk, and a single median continuous fin. Regional modifications in<jats:italic>Tarrasius<\/jats:italic>probably facilitated pelagic swimming<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>rather than a terrestrial lifestyle or walking gait, presenting an alternative scenario for the evolution of such traits in tetrapods. Axial regionalization in<jats:italic>Tarrasius<\/jats:italic>could indicate tetrapod-like<jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>expression patterns, possibly representing the primitive state for jawed vertebrates. Alternately, it could signal a weaker relationship, or even a complete disconnect, between<jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic>expression domains and vertebrate axial plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.0784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]],"date-time":"2012-05-29T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1338326986000},"page":"3264-3271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Tetrapod-like axial regionalization in an early ray-finned fish"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Lauren Cole","family":"Sallan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E, 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.2.333","article-title":"Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology","volume":"121","author":"Burke A. 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