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Yet, despite their central role in pathogen recognition and defence initiation, there is little information on how variation in<jats:italic>TLRs<\/jats:italic>influences disease susceptibility in natural populations. Here, we assessed the extent of naturally occurring polymorphisms at<jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>in wild bank voles (<jats:italic>Myodes glareolus<\/jats:italic>) and tested for associations between<jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>variants and infection with<jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>, a common tick-transmitted pathogen in rodents and one of the causative agents of human Lyme disease. Bank voles in our population had 15 different<jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>haplotypes (10 different haplotypes at the amino acid level), which grouped in three well-separated clusters. In a large-scale capture\u2013mark\u2013recapture study, we show that voles carrying<jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>haplotypes of one particular cluster (<jats:italic>TLR2<jats:sub>c2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) were almost three times less likely to be<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>infected than animals carrying other haplotypes<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>Moreover, neutrality tests suggested that<jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>has been under positive selection. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of an association between<jats:italic>TLR<\/jats:italic>polymorphism and parasitism in wildlife, and a striking example that genetic variation at innate immune receptors can have a large impact on host resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T09:31:27Z","timestamp":1364981487000},"page":"20130364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Polymorphisms at the innate immune receptor<i>TLR2<\/i>are associated with<i>Borrelia<\/i>infection in a wild rodent population"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Tschirren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Scherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Westerdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer R. 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