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Genetic evidence suggests that the acquisition of a highly stable melanocortin 1 receptor allele promoting black pigmentation arose around the time of savannah colonization by hominins at some 1\u20132 Ma. The adaptive significance of dark skin is generally believed to be protection from UV damage but the pathologies that might have had a deleterious impact on survival and\/or reproductive fitness, though much debated, are uncertain. Here, I suggest that data on age-associated cancer incidence and lethality in albinos living at low latitudes in both Africa and Central America support the contention that skin cancer could have provided a potent selective force for the emergence of black skin in early hominins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,26]],"date-time":"2014-02-26T10:25:55Z","timestamp":1393410355000},"page":"20132955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Was skin cancer a selective force for black pigmentation in early hominin evolution?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Mel","family":"Greaves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2007.00006.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192628350.001.0001","volume-title":"Cancer: the evolutionary legacy","author":"Greaves M","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/418650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511600463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","volume-title":"Human evolutionary genetics","author":"Jobling MA","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"The descent of man","author":"Darwin C","year":"1871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"The rise and fall of the third chimpanzee","author":"Diamond J","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Introduction to physical anthropology","author":"Jurmain K","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","volume-title":"Genetics, evolution and man","author":"Bodmer WF","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691187266","volume-title":"The history and geography of human genes","author":"Cavalli-Sforza LL","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)81509-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00161-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","volume-title":"International agency for research on cancer, solar and ultraviolet radiation","author":"IARC","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"2081","article-title":"Induction of cancer, actinic keratosis, and specific p53 mutations by UVB light in human skin maintained in severe combined immunodeficient mice","volume":"57","author":"Nomura T","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(91)80147-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00198-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cmr.0000222600.73179.f3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(93)90129-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(86)90201-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30651-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"441","article-title":"Skin cancer in skins of color","volume":"7","author":"Gohara MA","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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