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Specifically, we used coalescence modelling to estimate population size and fluctuations from the sequence diversity at the cytochrome<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>cytb<\/jats:italic>) and<jats:italic>Pantophysin I<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Pan<\/jats:italic>I) loci. The models are consistent with an expanding population during the warm medieval period, large historical effective population size (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>), a marked bottleneck event at 1400\u20131500 and a decrease in<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>in early modern times. The model results are corroborated by the reduction of haplotype and nucleotide variation over time and pairwise population distance as a significant portion of nucleotide variation partitioned across the 1550 time mark. The mean age of the historical fished stock is high in medieval times with a truncation in age in early modern times. The population size crash coincides with a period of known cooling in the North Atlantic, and we conclude that the collapse may be related to climate or climate-induced ecosystem change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T10:17:48Z","timestamp":1389176268000},"page":"20132976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Historical DNA reveals the demographic history of Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua<\/i>) in medieval and early modern Iceland"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Gu\u00f0bj\u00f6rg \u00c1sta","family":"\u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of the Westfjords, University of Iceland, Adalstraeti 21, IS415 Bolungarvik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Westfall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V\u00d6R Marine Research Centre, Nordurtangi, IS355 Sn\u00e6fellsb\u00e6r, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnar","family":"Edvardsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of the Westfjords, University of Iceland, Adalstraeti 21, IS415 Bolungarvik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sn\u00e6bj\u00f6rn","family":"P\u00e1lsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Life Science, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, IS101 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"The Greenland component of spawning cod at Iceland","volume":"161","author":"Jamieson A","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rapports et Proc\u00e8sverbaux des R\u00e9unions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Sex and evolution","author":"Williams GC","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f95-228"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03025.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f06-150"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/139.1.375","article-title":"Genetic population structure and gene flow in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua: a comparison of allozyme and nuclear RFLP loci","volume":"139","author":"Pogson GH","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01713.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.166.4.1871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f91-007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.089730"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5343\/bms.2010.1051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Temporal and spatial genetic structure of marine animal populations in the California Current","volume":"35","author":"Hedgecock D","year":"1994","journal-title":"Calif. 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