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By using an extensive dataset consisting of date and location of cases for the third plague pandemic from 1772 to 1964 in China and a novel method (nearest neighbour approach) which deals with both short- and long-distance transmissions, we found the presence of major roads, rivers and coastline accelerated the spread of plague and shaped the transmission patterns. We found that plague spread velocity was positively associated with wet conditions (measured by an index of drought and flood events) in China, probably due to flood-driven transmission by people or rodents. Our study provides new insights on transmission patterns and possible mechanisms behind variability in transmission speed, with implications for prevention and control measures. The methodology may also be applicable to studies of disease dynamics or species movement in other systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T10:28:56Z","timestamp":1392200936000},"page":"20133159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Wet climate and transportation routes accelerate spread of human plague"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif Chr.","family":"Stige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyrre Linn\u00e9","family":"Kausrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Ben Ari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiye","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris V.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Chr.","family":"Stenseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases","volume":"109","author":"Gubler DJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. 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