{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:00:49Z","timestamp":1784934049993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1787","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological and phenotypic convergence is a potential outcome of adaptive radiation in response to ecological opportunity. However, a number of factors may limit convergence during evolutionary radiations, including interregional differences in biogeographic history and clade-specific constraints on form and function. Here, we demonstrate that a single clade of terrestrial snakes from Australia\u2014the oxyuranine elapids\u2014exhibits widespread morphological convergence with a phylogenetically diverse and distantly related assemblage of snakes from North America. Australian elapids have evolved nearly the full spectrum of phenotypic modalities that occurs among North American snakes. Much of the convergence appears to involve the recurrent evolution of stereotyped morphologies associated with foraging mode, locomotion and habitat use. By contrast, analysis of snake diets indicates striking divergence in feeding ecology between these faunas, partially reflecting regional differences in ecological allometry between Australia and North America. Widespread phenotypic convergence with the North American snake fauna coupled with divergence in feeding ecology are clear examples of how independent continental radiations may converge along some ecological axes yet differ profoundly along others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.0413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T09:28:31Z","timestamp":1402478911000},"page":"20140413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Trophic divergence despite morphological convergence in a continental radiation of snakes"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Grundler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Rabosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198546412.001.0001","volume-title":"The comparative method in evolutionary biology","author":"Harvey PH","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5359.2115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232392"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","first-page":"321","article-title":"A morphological approach to the study of avian community organization","volume":"97","author":"Ricklefs RE","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400886142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Species diversity in ecological communities: regional and historical perspectives","author":"Cadle JE","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01160.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1312045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422857"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00999.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","volume-title":"The reptile database","author":"Uetz P","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520935433","volume-title":"Snakes: the evolution of mystery in nature","author":"Greene HW","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","volume-title":"Snakes of the United States and Canada","author":"Ernst CH","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-93"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/1528-7092(2005)004[0537:HSROSN]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01525.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","volume-title":"Australian snakes: a natural history","author":"Shine R","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"Ecology of the Australian death adder Acanthophis antarcticus (Elapidae): evidence for convergence with the Viperidae","volume":"36","author":"Shine R","year":"1980","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1563694"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","first-page":"195","article-title":"Constraints, allometry, and adaptation: food habits and reproductive biology of Australian brownsnakes (Pseudonaja: Elapidae)","volume":"45","author":"Shine R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Ecological traits and conservation biology of five fossorial \u2018sand-swimming\u2019 snake species (Simoselaps: Elapidae) in south-western Australia","volume":"249","author":"How RA","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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