{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:52:55Z","timestamp":1782845575819,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1799","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Agriculture today places great strains on biodiversity, soils, water and the atmosphere, and these strains will be exacerbated if current trends in population growth, meat and energy consumption, and food waste continue. Thus, farming systems that are both highly productive and minimize environmental harms are critically needed. How organic agriculture may contribute to world food production has been subject to vigorous debate over the past decade. Here, we revisit this topic comparing organic and conventional yields with a new meta-dataset three times larger than previously used (115 studies containing more than 1000 observations) and a new hierarchical analytical framework that can better account for the heterogeneity and structure in the data. We find organic yields are only 19.2% (\u00b13.7%) lower than conventional yields, a smaller yield gap than previous estimates. More importantly, we find entirely different effects of crop types and management practices on the yield gap compared with previous studies. For example, we found no significant differences in yields for leguminous versus non-leguminous crops, perennials versus annuals or developed versus developing countries. Instead, we found the novel result that two agricultural diversification practices, multi-cropping and crop rotations, substantially reduce the yield gap (to 9 \u00b1 4% and 8 \u00b1 5%, respectively) when the methods were applied in only organic systems. These promising results, based on robust analysis of a larger meta-dataset, suggest that appropriate investment in agroecological research to improve organic management systems could greatly reduce or eliminate the yield gap for some crops or regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]],"date-time":"2014-12-15T18:00:26Z","timestamp":1418666426000},"page":"20141396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":575,"title":["Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Lauren C.","family":"Ponisio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leithen K.","family":"M'Gonigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevi C.","family":"Mace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perry","family":"de Valpine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Kremen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2010.60.8.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910275107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-009-9760-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9828"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909519107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/120058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116437108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"How to feed the world in 2050","author":"FAO","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2011.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"IAASTD international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development: global report","author":"McIntyre BD","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2007.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Toward a more resilient agriculture","volume":"5","author":"Bennett E","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solutions"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/130157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05035-170440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05103-170444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"Willer H& Kilcher L. 2011 The world of organic agriculture statistics and emerging trends . 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