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Recent theoretical models propose the coevolution of parochial altruism and intergroup conflict, when in-group altruism and out-group hostility contribute to the group's success in these conflicts. However, the few empirical attempts to test this hypothesis do not use natural groups and conflate measures of in-group and unbiased cooperative behaviour. We conducted field experiments based on naturalistic measures of cooperation (school\/charity donations and lost letters' returns) with two religious groups with an on-going history of conflict\u2014Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. Conflict was associated with reduced donations to out-group schools and the return of out-group letters, but we found no evidence that it influences in-group cooperation. Rather, socio-economic status was the major determinant of cooperative behaviour. Our study presents a challenge to dominant perspectives on the origins of human cooperation, and has implications for initiatives aiming to promote conflict resolution and social cohesion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]],"date-time":"2014-08-20T09:36:12Z","timestamp":1408527372000},"page":"20141435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Cooperation and conflict: field experiments in Northern Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Mace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Pillar of fire: Dunkirk 1940","author":"Atkin R","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(03)00060-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0702_129-145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04981"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.2.941"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.0805"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613493444"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150316"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2005.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.21.2.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11299-010-0073-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210960110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221217110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","unstructured":"BBC NEWS. 2001 Dispute school extra cash criticised."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","article-title":"Sutton index of deaths","author":"Sutton M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sutt. 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