{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:12:38Z","timestamp":1784869958400,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1796","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,7]],"date-time":"2014-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The negative wealth\u2013fertility relationship brought about by market integration remains a puzzle to classic evolutionary models. Evolutionary ecologists have argued that this phenomenon results from both stronger trade-offs between reproductive and socioeconomic success in the highest social classes and the comparison of groups rather than individuals. Indeed, studies in contemporary low fertility settings have typically used aggregated samples that may mask positive wealth\u2013fertility relationships. Furthermore, while much evidence attests to trade-offs between reproductive and socioeconomic success, few studies have explicitly tested the idea that such constraints are intensified by market integration. Using data from Mongolia, a post-socialist nation that underwent mass privatization, we examine wealth\u2013fertility relationships over time and across a rural\u2013urban gradient. Among post-reproductive women, reproductive fitness is the lowest in urban areas, but increases with wealth in all regions. After liberalization, a demographic\u2013economic paradox emerges in urban areas: while educational attainment negatively impacts female fertility in all regions, education uniquely provides socioeconomic benefits in urban contexts. As market integration progresses, socio-economic returns to education increase and women who limit their reproduction to pursue education get wealthier. The results support the view that selection favoured mechanisms that respond to opportunities for status enhancement rather than fertility maximization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]],"date-time":"2014-10-15T09:37:48Z","timestamp":1413365868000},"page":"20141733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ecological variation in wealth\u2013fertility relationships in Mongolia: the \u2018central theoretical problem of sociobiology\u2019 not a problem after all?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Alvergne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6PE, UK"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"},{"name":"Harris Manchester College, Oxford OX1 3TD, 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