{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:11:50Z","timestamp":1790745110538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1795","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,22]],"date-time":"2014-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Parasites can shape the foraging behaviour of their hosts through cues indicating risk of infection. When cues for risk co-occur with desired traits such as forage quality, individuals face a trade-off between nutrient acquisition and parasite exposure. We evaluated how this trade-off may influence disease transmission in a 3-year experimental study of anthrax in a guild of mammalian herbivores in Etosha National Park, Namibia. At plains zebra (\n            <jats:italic>Equus quagga<\/jats:italic>\n            ) carcass sites we assessed (i) carcass nutrient effects on soils and grasses, (ii) concentrations of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            (BA) on grasses and in soils, and (iii) herbivore grazing behaviour, compared with control sites, using motion-sensing camera traps. We found that carcass-mediated nutrient pulses improved soil and vegetation, and that BA is found on grasses up to 2 years after death. Host foraging responses to carcass sites shifted from avoidance to attraction, and ultimately to no preference, with the strength and duration of these behavioural responses varying among herbivore species. Our results demonstrate that animal carcasses alter the environment and attract grazing hosts to parasite aggregations. This attraction may enhance transmission rates, suggesting that hosts are limited in their ability to trade off nutrient intake with parasite avoidance when relying on indirect cues.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T09:57:05Z","timestamp":1412157425000},"page":"20141785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Fatal attraction: vegetation responses to nutrient inputs attract herbivores to infectious anthrax carcass sites"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"Wendy C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0361, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyrre L.","family":"Kausrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0361, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yathin S.","family":"Krishnappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0361, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris P. 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M.","family":"Cromsigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgr\u00e4nd, Ume\u00e5 90183, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly H.","family":"Ganz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA"},{"name":"Genome Center and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Mapaure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudine C.","family":"Cloete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia"},{"name":"Etosha Ecological Institute, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Etosha National Park, PO Box 6, Okaukuejo, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zepee","family":"Havarua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"K\u00fcsters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkeley Etosha Anthrax Research Project, Swakopmund, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne M.","family":"Getz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA"},{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Chr.","family":"Stenseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0361, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01011.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1208-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1560\/IJEE.56.3-4.313"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01549.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-010-1778-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arn143"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2004.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800009838"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1837"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2004.01013.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.1999.00287.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/334343a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/02-5283"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02322.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-011-9497-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008851"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-0292.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-006-0321-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","volume-title":"Anthrax in humans and animals","author":"Turnbull P (ed.)","year":"2008","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12207"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the Etosha National Park, Namibia","volume":"61","author":"Lindeque PM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. 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