{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:32:59Z","timestamp":1792276379453,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1805","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]],"date-time":"2015-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ubiquity and importance of parasite co-infections in populations of free-living animals is beginning to be recognized, but few studies have demonstrated differential fitness effects of single infection versus co-infection in free-living populations. We investigated interactions between the emerging bacterial disease bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and the previously existing viral disease Rift Valley fever (RVF) in a competent reservoir host, African buffalo, combining data from a natural outbreak of RVF in captive buffalo at a buffalo breeding facility in 2008 with data collected from a neighbouring free-living herd of African buffalo in Kruger National Park. RVF infection was twice as likely in individual BTB+ buffalo as in BTB\u2212 buffalo, which, according to a mathematical model, may increase RVF outbreak size at the population level. In addition, co-infection was associated with a far higher rate of fetal abortion than other infection states. Immune interactions between BTB and RVF may underlie both of these interactions, since animals with BTB had decreased innate immunity and increased pro-inflammatory immune responses. This study is one of the first to demonstrate how the consequences of emerging infections extend beyond direct effects on host health, potentially altering the dynamics and fitness effects of infectious diseases that had previously existed in the ecosystem on free-ranging wildlife populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]],"date-time":"2015-03-18T11:17:32Z","timestamp":1426677452000},"page":"20142942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo (\n            <i>Syncerus caffer<\/i>\n            )"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"B. R.","family":"Beechler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Dryden Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"Manore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Science, Tulane University, Tulane, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mpumalanga State Veterinary Services, Nelspruit, Mpumalanga, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"O'Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. E.","family":"Gorsich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences, Oregon State University, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. O.","family":"Ezenwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Jolles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Dryden Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"Beyond mice and men: environmental change, immunity and infections in wild ungulates","volume":"26","author":"Jolles AE","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1763.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Animal disease in relation to animal conservation","volume":"50","author":"Plowright W","year":"1982","journal-title":"Symposia of the Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.1998.00307.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0995.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201790109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.02049.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1500"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2200-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656496"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707221105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1623-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008000310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","first-page":"924","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa","volume":"8","author":"Ayele WY","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/02-5266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.2.258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01589.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.090710"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/768542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Differential effects of Mycobacterium bovis-derived polar and apolar lipid fractions on bovine innate immune cells","volume":"2012","author":"Pirson C","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of livestock","author":"Coetzer JAW","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12197"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.4544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.24.4.612-614.1986","article-title":"Serological tests for detecting rift valley fever viral antibodies in sheep from the Nile delta","volume":"24","author":"Scott RM","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/385091"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005271421976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00121-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1998.0229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","first-page":"341","article-title":"Distribution of viral antigen in tissues of new-born lambs infected with rift valley fever virus","volume":"63","author":"Van der Lugt JJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Development of a diagnostic one-tube RT-PCR for the detection of rift valley fever virus","volume":"69","author":"Espach A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"The epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"68","author":"De Vos V","year":"2001","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2006.00726.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2008.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/665276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/tube.2000.0272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11030789"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(01)00419-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12082"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03053.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.02003.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-54"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000194"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01780-06"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2014.2942","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rspb.2014.2942","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2014.2942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:23:20Z","timestamp":1613597000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2014.2942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1805","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2014.2942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2014.2942","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8452","1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}