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Yet, higher level relationships of scorpions, based exclusively on morphology, remain virtually untested, and no multilocus molecular phylogeny has been deployed heretofore towards assessing the basal tree topology. We applied a phylogenomic assessment to resolve scorpion phylogeny, for the first time, to our knowledge, sampling extensive molecular sequence data from all superfamilies and examining basal relationships with up to 5025 genes. Analyses of supermatrices as well as species tree approaches converged upon a robust basal topology of scorpions that is entirely at odds with traditional systematics and controverts previous understanding of scorpion evolutionary history. All analyses unanimously support a single origin of katoikogenic development, a form of parental investment wherein embryos are nurtured by direct connections to the parent's digestive system. Based on the phylogeny obtained herein, we propose the following systematic emendations: Caraboctonidae is transferred to Chactoidea<jats:bold>new superfamilial assignment<\/jats:bold>; superfamily Bothriuroidea<jats:bold>revalidated<\/jats:bold>is resurrected and Bothriuridae transferred therein; and Chaerilida and Pseudochactida are synonymized with Buthida<jats:bold>new parvordinal synonymies<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,26]],"date-time":"2015-02-26T16:12:54Z","timestamp":1424967174000},"page":"20142953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Phylogenomic resolution of scorpions reveals multilevel discordance with morphological phylogenetic signal"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Prashant P.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California at Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmundo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Santill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Gen\u00f3mica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, and Laboratorio de Aracnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Coyoac\u00e1n, C.P. 04510, M\u00e9xico DF, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Monod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Arthropodes et d'Entomologie I, Mus\u00e9um d'Histoire Naturelle de la Ville de Gen\u00e8ve, Route de Malagnou 1, Gen\u00e8ve 1208, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A restudy of the fossil Scorpionida of the world","volume":"55","author":"Kjellesvig-Waering EN","year":"1986","journal-title":"Palaeontogr. 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