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Here, time series analysis of a decade of monthly observations in temperate Atlantic coastal waters revealed strong seasonal patterns in the abundance, size and biomass of the ubiquitous flow-cytometric groups of low (LNA) and high nucleic acid (HNA) content bacteria. Over this relatively short period, we also found that bacterioplankton cells were significantly smaller, a trend that is consistent with the hypothesized temperature-driven decrease in body size. Although decadal cell shrinking was observed for both groups, it was only LNA cells that were strongly coherent, with ecological theories linking temperature, abundance and individual size on both the seasonal and interannual scale. We explain this finding because, relative to their HNA counterparts, marine LNA bacteria are less diverse, dominated by members of the SAR11 clade. Temperature manipulation experiments in 2012 confirmed a direct effect of warming on bacterial size. Concurrent with rising temperatures in spring, significant decadal trends of increasing standing stocks (3% per year) accompanied by decreasing mean cell size (\u22121% per year) suggest a major shift in community structure, with a larger contribution of LNA bacteria to total biomass. The increasing prevalence of these typically oligotrophic taxa may severely impact marine food webs and carbon fluxes by an overall decrease in the efficiency of the biological pump.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T18:09:38Z","timestamp":1433959778000},"page":"20150371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["More, smaller bacteria in response to ocean's warming?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9823-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xos\u00e9 Anxelu G.","family":"Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955\u20136900, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de 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