{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:12:11Z","timestamp":1782360731330,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1812","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In butterflies, bees, flies and true bugs specific mouthparts are in close contact or even fused to enable piercing, sucking or sponging of particular food sources. The common phenomenon behind these mouthpart types is a complex composed of several consecutive mouthparts which<jats:italic>structurally<\/jats:italic>interact during food uptake. The single mouthparts are thus only functional in conjunction with other adjacent mouthparts, which is fundamentally different to biting\u2013chewing. It is, however, unclear when structural mouthpart interaction (SMI) evolved since this principle obviously occurred multiple times independently in several extant and extinct winged insect groups. Here, we report a new type of SMI in two of the earliest wingless hexapod lineages\u2014Diplura and Collembola. We found that the mandible and maxilla interact with each other via an articulatory stud at the dorsal side of the maxillary stipes, and they are furthermore supported by structures of the hypopharynx and head capsule. These interactions are crucial stabilizing elements during food uptake. The presence of SMI in these ancestrally wingless insects, and its absence in those crustacean groups probably ancestral to insects, indicates that SMI is a groundplan apomorphy of insects. Our results thus contradict the currently established view of insect mouthpart evolution that biting\u2013chewing mouthparts without any form of SMI are the ancestral configuration. Furthermore, SMIs occur in the earliest insects in a high anatomical variety. SMIs in stemgroup representatives of insects may have triggered efficient exploitation and fast adaptation to new terrestrial food sources much earlier than previously supposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T18:46:21Z","timestamp":1437677181000},"page":"20151033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Structural mouthpart interaction evolved already in the earliest lineages of insects"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Blanke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"R\u00fchr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Molekulare Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 53113, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajmund","family":"Mokso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum f\u00fcr Material- und K\u00fcstenforschung GmbH, Geesthacht 21502, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Stampanoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Uesugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute\/SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryuichiro","family":"Machida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Misof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Molekulare Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 53113, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","volume-title":"Evolution of the Insects","author":"Grimaldi D","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"The transformation from monocondylous to dicondylous mandibles in the Insecta","volume":"239","author":"von Lieven AF","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zool. Anz"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"Mandibular mechanisms and the evolution of hexapods","volume":"37","author":"Koch M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. NS"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Anatomie und Funktionsmorphologie der stechend-saugenden Mundwerkzeuge der Collembolen","volume":"81","author":"Wolter H","year":"1963","journal-title":"Zool. Jahrb. Anat"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","first-page":"309","article-title":"100 years of research on the Protura: many secrets still retained","volume":"83","author":"Pass G","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Org"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","volume-title":"Collembola (Springschw\u00e4nze)","author":"Schaller F","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","volume-title":"The Fifth European Congress of Entomology","author":"Dallai R","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2014.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257570"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.794617"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3478189"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.929575"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/425\/18\/182002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","unstructured":"Uesugi K. 2015 In preparation. The full field X-ray microscope at BL47XU (SPring-8 Japan)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-6409.2003.00134.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2005.01466.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1964.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","first-page":"598","article-title":"\u00dcber die Morphologie und Funktion der Kauwerkzeuge und \u00fcber das Kopfnervensystem von Tomocerus plumbeus L. (III. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Collembolen)","volume":"89","author":"Hoffmann RW","year":"1908","journal-title":"Z. f\u00fcr Wiss. Zool"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","volume-title":"The Arthropoda: habits, functional morphology and evolution","author":"Manton SM","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","volume-title":"Principles of insect morphology","author":"Snodgrass RE","year":"1935"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The insect cranium and the \u2018epicranial suture\u2019","volume":"107","author":"Snodgrass RE","year":"1947","journal-title":"Smithson. Misc. Collect"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050790303"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.02.010157.000415"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5486.1920"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","volume-title":"The Protura","author":"Tuxen SL","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/syen.12107"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","unstructured":"Labandeira C Phillips TL. 1996 Insect fluid-feeding on Upper Pennsylvanian tree ferns (Palaeodictyoptera Marattiales) and the early history of the piercing-and-sucking functional feeding group. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 89 157\u2013183. (doi:10.1093\/aesa\/89.2.157)"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3897\/asp.64.e31640","article-title":"A revised interpretation of the evolution of attachment structures in Hexapoda with special emphasis on Mantophasmatodea","volume":"64","author":"Beutel RG","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthropod Syst. Phylogeny"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-4904-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","volume-title":"Crustacea","author":"Schram FR","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7322(92)90016-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z90-262"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-007-9013-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revision of the giant pterygote insect Bojophlebia prokopi Kukalov\u00e1-Peck, 1985 (Hydropalaeoptera: Bojophlebiidae) from the Carboniferous of the Czech Republic, with the first cladistic analysis of fossil palaeopterous insects","volume":"0","author":"Sroka P","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Syst. Palaeontol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1991.0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085338"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169659"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37918"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35054555"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105313"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12629"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05110"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.1033","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.1033","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.1033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T13:09:20Z","timestamp":1691845760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.1033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1812","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rspb.2015.1033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.1033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-8452","1471-2954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-8452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-06-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}