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The physiological mechanisms that cause chilling injury are unknown, but chronic cold exposure that causes injury is consistently associated with elevated extracellular [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>], and cold tolerant insects possess a greater capacity to maintain ion balance at low temperatures. Here, we use the muscle tissue of the migratory locust (<jats:italic>Locusta migratoria<\/jats:italic>) to examine whether chill injury occurs during cold exposure or following return to benign temperature and we specifically examine if elevated extracellular [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>], low temperature, or a combination thereof causes cell death. We find that<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>chill injury occurs during the cold exposure (when extracellular [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] is high) and that there is limited capacity for repair immediately following the cold stress. Further, we demonstrate that that high extracellular [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] causes cell death<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>, but only when experienced at low temperatures. These findings strongly suggest that that the ability to maintain ion (particularly K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) balance is critical to insect low temperature survival, and highlight novel routes of study in the mechanisms regulating cell death in insects in the cold.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T23:17:34Z","timestamp":1444951054000},"page":"20151483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Concurrent effects of cold and hyperkalaemia cause insect chilling injury"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Heath A.","family":"MacMillan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Baatrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Overgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2012.01685.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12521"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.037911"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1295"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","volume-title":"Low temperature biology of insects","author":"Lee REJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1985.65.4.799"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(85)90067-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00923"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1074"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(94)90093-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(98)00020-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212788109"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.098442"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.107516"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1910(99)00148-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2010.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.123760"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2010.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.051540"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2005.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2015.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-006-0048-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12310"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00465.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402650413"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(85)90167-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.57.030195.000315"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","first-page":"62","article-title":"Molecular and genetic aspects of protein cold denaturation","volume":"34","author":"Gulevsky AK","year":"2013","journal-title":"CryoLetters"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07470.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1910(01)00095-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phen.12019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1910(98)00101-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2007.00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2005.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.31.2.260","article-title":"Changes in the blood potassium concentration of the African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.) during food deprivation, and the effect on neuromuscular activity","volume":"31","author":"Hoyle G","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. 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