{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:20:18Z","timestamp":1778134818463,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1851","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,22]],"date-time":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000154","name":"Division of Integrative Organismal Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1457319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1457319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000160","name":"Division of Earth Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1636753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1636753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Missouri Research Board"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences - MU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. R. Soc. B."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Archosaurs, like all vertebrates, have different types of joints that allow or restrict cranial kinesis, such as synovial joints and fibrous joints. In general, synovial joints are more kinetic than fibrous joints, because the former possess a fluid-filled cavity and articular cartilage that facilitate movement. Even though there is a considerable lack of data on the microstructure and the structure\u2013function relationships in the joints of extant archosaurs, many functional inferences of cranial kinesis in fossil archosaurs have hinged on the assumption that elongated condylar joints are (i) synovial and\/or (ii) kinetic. Cranial joint microstructure was investigated in an ontogenetic series of American alligators,<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>. All the presumably synovial, condylar joints found within the head of the American alligator (the jaw joint, otic joint and laterosphenoid\u2013postorbital (LS\u2013PO) joint) were studied by means of paraffin histology and undecalcified histology paired with micro-computed tomography data to better visualize three-dimensional morphology. Results show that among the three condylar joints of<jats:italic>A. mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>, the jaw joint was synovial as expected, but the otherwise immobile otic and LS\u2013PO joints lacked a synovial cavity. Therefore, condylar morphology does not always imply the presence of a synovial articulation nor mobility. These findings reveal an undocumented diversity in the joint structure of alligators and show that crocodylians and birds build novel, kinetic cranial joints differently. This complicates accurate identification of synovial joints and functional inferences of cranial kinesis in fossil archosaurs and tetrapods in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.0038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,22]],"date-time":"2017-03-22T09:13:33Z","timestamp":1490174013000},"page":"20170038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Joint histology in<i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>challenges the identification of synovial joints in fossil archosaurs and inferences of cranial kinesis"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"284","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5199-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alida M.","family":"Bailleul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casey M.","family":"Holliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051140102"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Streptostylie bei Dinosauriern, nebst Bemerkungen \u00fcber die Verwandtschaft der V\u00f6gel und Dinosaurier","volume":"30","author":"Versluys J","year":"1910","journal-title":"Zoologische Jahrb\u00fccher, Abteilung f\u00fcr Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634-28.4.1073"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","first-page":"578","volume-title":"The joints and synovial fluid","author":"Sokoloff L","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21180"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Topics in functional and ecological vertebrate morphology","author":"Metzger K","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012632590-4\/50009-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10836","article-title":"Development of the cypriniform protrusible jaw complex in Danio rerio: constructional insights for evolution","volume":"271","author":"Staab KL","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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